{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:57:25Z","timestamp":1792303045756,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":325,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WJN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]]},"DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v7.i1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,7]],"date-time":"2018-01-07T20:47:55Z","timestamp":1515358075000},"page":"1-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Fluid balance concepts in medicine: Principles and practice"],"prefix":"10.5527","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maria-Eleni","family":"Roumelioti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H","family":"Glew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeid J","family":"Khitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helbert","family":"Rondon-Berrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos P","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic S","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel I","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rohrscheib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen H","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph I","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios H","family":"Tzamaloukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(01)007-X"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.09.011"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095004"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00150.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719660"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719655"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(98)00032-4"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197- 2510(06)70555-1"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719658"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Cooper PA, Turner MJ, Rothberg AD, Davies VA. Dynamic skinfold measurements to assess fluid status in low birthweight infants. Part 2: Correlation with postnatal weight changes. J Perinatol 1989; 9: 395-400"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(92)90547-K"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.09.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.09.012"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1951"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES. 38.6.73"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Cianci R, Citro F, Migneco A, Baldoni F, Minisci MC, Di Daniele N, De Lorenzo A. Body fluid compartments in hypertension. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006; 10: 75-78"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/895401"},{"key":"ref19"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2008.03.006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.08.016"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90346-8"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1993.11701649"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-9-19711010-00020"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.03.012"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053.j.ajkd.20111.02.395"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda. 2008.03.010"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12537"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.506"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.42.6.1257"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI00674"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000470"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103712"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCurdy DK. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma. Med Clin North Am 1970; 54: 683-699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)32636-0"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM19771 2292972608"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005 183422006"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v6.i1.1"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102805"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196207052670106"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12169-9"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2000 05253422107"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.09.031"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0839-2"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006030240"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf AV, McDowell ME. Apparent and osmotic volumes of distribution of sodium, chloride, sulfate and urea. Am J Physiol 1954;176: 207-212","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.176.2.207"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Elkington JR, Danowski TS. The body fluids. Basic physiology and practical therapeutics. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company; 1955"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pace N, Kline L. Studies on body composition; use of radioactive hydrogen for measurement in vivo of total body water. J Biol Chem 1947; 168: 459-469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30906-7"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102366"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soberman R, Brodie BB. The use of antipyrine in the measurement of total body water in man. J Biol Chem 1949; 179: 31-42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56808-3"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamney PW, Wabel P, Moissl UM, M\u00fcller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Korth O, Fuller NJ. A whole-body model to distinguish excess fluid from the hydration of major body tissues. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 80-89","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.80"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003524"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoeller DA, van Santen E, Peterson DW, Dietz W, Jaspan J, Klein PD. Total body water measurement in humans with 18O and 2H labeled water. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 2686-2693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.12.2686"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01037.2015"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazess RB, Barden HS, Bisek JP, Hanson J. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 1106-1112","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1106"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-195512000-00017"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebouche CJ, Pearson GA, Serfass RE, Roth CW, Finley JW. Evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determination of deuterium abundance in body fluids: application to measurement of total-body water in human infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 373-380","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.2.373"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Statement. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement. December 12-14, 1994. Nutrition 1996; 12: 749-762"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522480"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005716-200010000-00018"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roubenoff R, Kehayias JJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Heymsfield SB. Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in body-composition studies: not yet a \u201cgold standard\u201d. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 589-591","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.5.589"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440-5.2.239"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1387777"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.24.3.234"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD. Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 27-39","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.1.27"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00741.x"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165809"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00900.x"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Tzamaloukas AH, Murata GH. Estimating urea volume in amputees on peritoneal dialysis by modified anthropometric formulas. Adv Perit Dial 1996; 12: 143-146"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzamaloukas AH. Effect of edema on urea kinetic studies in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 1994; 14: 398-401","DOI":"10.1177\/089686089401400416"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000189453"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.216"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson AC, Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Bosaeus I, Haraldsson B. Limitations in anthropometric calculations of total body water in patients on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 568-573","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V123568"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12261"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. In: Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. In: Bro\u017eek J, Henshel A, editors. National Academy of Sciences\/National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1961: 223-244"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Deurenberg P, Wang W, Pietrobelli A, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB. Hydration of fat-free body mass: new physiological modeling approach. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E995-E1003","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.276.6.E995"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Deurenberg P, Wang W, Pietrobelli A, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB. Hydration of fat-free body mass: review and critique of a classic body-composition constant. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 833-841","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.5.833"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06572.x"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0480431"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9032"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.e133"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.110"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu040"},{"key":"ref84"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03300807"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.11.032"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000331"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1404489"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw050"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jz200057g"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j\/ajkd.2009.12.024"},{"key":"ref92"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012088488-9.50039-5"},{"key":"ref94","unstructured":"Skorecki KL, Winaver J, Abassi ZA. Extracellular fluid and edema formation. In: Brenner BM. Brenner and Rector\u2019s The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2008: 398-458"},{"key":"ref95"},{"key":"ref96","unstructured":"Moore FD. The use of isotopes in surgical research. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1948; 86: 129-147"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cizek LJ. Total water content of laboratory animals with special reference to volume of fluid within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol 1954; 179: 104-110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.179.1.104"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotlove E. Mechanism and extent of distribution of inulin and sucrose in chloride space of tissues. Am J Physiol 1954; 176: 396-410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1954.176.3.396"},{"key":"ref99","unstructured":"Moore FD, Mcmurrey JD, Parker HV, Magnus IC. Body composition; total body water and electrolytes: intravascular and extravascular phase volumes. Metabolism 1956; 5: 447-467"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-68-16534P"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102554"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102604"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1955.tb01281x"},{"key":"ref104"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102739"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/00006711-196709000-00005"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31095517009046208"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102764"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Threefoot SA, Burch GE, Ray CT. Chloride space and total exchanging chloride in man measured with long-life radio-chloride Cl36. J Lab Clin Med 1953; 42: 16-33"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13813458309067975"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.74.6.569"},{"key":"ref112","unstructured":"Doxiadis SA, Gairdner D. The estimation of the extracellular fluid volume by the thiocyanate method in children and adults. Clin Sci 1948; 6: 257-267"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis KJ. Human body composition: in vivo methods. Physiol Rev 2000; 80: 649-680","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.649"},{"key":"ref114","unstructured":"Van Loan MD, Mayclin PL. Use of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for the estimation of extracellular fluid. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992; 46: 117-124"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19950038"},{"key":"ref116","unstructured":"Deurenberg P, Tagliabue A, Wang J, Wolde-Gebriel Z. Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of body water compartments: validation in different ethnic groups. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1996; 5: 217-221"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(97)00052-3"},{"key":"ref118"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0394-z"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/10\/2171"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1009-3"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1110-7"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-6196(12)60695-8"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-9007(95)00017-8"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199704000-00020"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00361.2003"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000166880.91117.04"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:6:2:75"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2015.07.007"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019273"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174180"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.0002\/mrm.1910150107"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(96)90058-X"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.8"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/0967-3334\/28\/5\/004"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.159\/0007-1285-69-824-717"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102145"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517209081067"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0036551809160998"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518009091966"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/12\/006"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e3283457466"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08020910"},{"key":"ref144","unstructured":"Russell CD, Bischoff PG, Rowell KL, Lloyd LK, Dubovsky EV. Estimation of extracellular fluid volume from plasma clearance on technetium-99m DTPA by a single-injection, two-sample method. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 255-258"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/15\/3\/103"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05501207"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198904000-00012"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00184802"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000177860"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600351"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Ham EC, Kooman JP, Christiaans MH, Nieman FH, Van Kreel BK, Heidendal GA, Van Hooff JP. Body composition in renal transplant patients: bioimpedance analysis compared to isotope dilution, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometry. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1067-1079","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1051067"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09455.x"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719902300261"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/9\/102"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0660"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01340211"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1998.548"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174.ajnr.A1844"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.12.3916"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouw PM, Kooman JP, Cheriex EC, Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Leunissen KM. Assessment of postdialysis dry weight: a comparison of techniques. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4: 98-104","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V4198"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0910763"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00180.x"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2007.00225.x"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp517"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm889"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-266"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs155"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.12.017"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.202766"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197310182891607"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzamaloukas AH, Rohrscheib M, Ing TS, Siamopoulos KC, Elisaf MF, Spalding CT. Serum tonicity, extracellular volume and clinical manifestations in symptomatic dialysis-associated hyperglycemia treated only with insulin. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27: 751-758","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880402700904"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.05.007"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.06.012"},{"key":"ref174","unstructured":"Conard V, Franckson JR, Bastenie PA, Kesten J, Kovacs L. [Critical study of the intravenous blood sugar curve in the normal man and the determination of a coefficient of glucose assimilation]. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1953; 93: 132-134"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0250335"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00889.x"},{"key":"ref177","unstructured":"Tzamaloukas AH. Characterization of the state of body fluids in anuric hyperglycemic humans. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1987; 13: 126-132"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197203000-00001"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12040960"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)90286-5"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00278.2010"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.08.018"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2015.1040418"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.115352"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01726535"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.2014.0061"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00124.x"},{"key":"ref188"},{"key":"ref189","unstructured":"Wang Z, Heymsfield SB, Pi-Sunyer FX, Gallagher D, Pierson RN Jr. Body composition analysis: Cellular level modeling of body component ratios. Int J Body Compos Res 2008; 6: 173-184"},{"key":"ref190","unstructured":"Price WF, Hazelrig JB, Kreisberg RA, Meador CK. Reproducibility of body composition measurements in a single individual. J Lab Clin Med 1969; 74: 557-563"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90012-7"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva AM, Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Albu J, Pi-Sunyer XF, Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Heshka S, Sardinha LB, Wang Z. Evaluation of between-methods agreement of extracellular water measurements in adults and children. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 315-323","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.315"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106483"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275238"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109328"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00502.x"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02510409"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01317.2004"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.10005"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2013.819524"},{"key":"ref201","unstructured":"Malczyk E, Dzi\u0119gielewska-G\u0119siak S, Fatyga E, Zi\u00f3\u0142ko E, Kokot T, Muc-Wierzgon M. Body composition in healthy older persons: role of the ratio of extracellular\/total body water. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2016; 30: 767-772"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/hournal.pone.0126268"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.0002\/oby.21491"},{"key":"ref204","unstructured":"Moore FD, Haley HB, Bering EA Jr, Brooks L, Edelman IS. Further observations on total body water. II. Changes of body composition in disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1952; 95: 155-180"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12274"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.424"},{"key":"ref207","unstructured":"Sherlock S. Diseases of the liver and the biliary system. 4th ed, 2nd printing. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969: chapter 7, 151"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194809022391001"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006111302"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198504000-00001"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(89)90036-8"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-2-155"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.14.028"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168282"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569- 2574(08)60081-7"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummer C, Gerzer R, Baisch F, Heer M. Body fluid regulation in micro-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview. Pflugers Arch 2000; 441: R66-R72","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000335"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein M. Renal effects of head-out water immersion in man: implications for an understanding of volume homeostasis. Physiol Rev 1978; 58: 529-581","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1978.58.3.529"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a590da"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530430033035"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002743"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1678-y"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015030234"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu297"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob R, Dierberger B, Kissling G. Functional significance of the Frank-Starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 Suppl E: 7-14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/13.suppl_E.7"},{"key":"ref225","unstructured":"Sergi G, Lupoli L, Volpato S, Bertani R, Coin A, Perissinotto E, Calliari I, Inelmen EM, Busetto L, Enzi G. Body fluid distribution in elderly subjects with congestive heart failure. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2004; 34: 416-422"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.16.3.437"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.09.011"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01960408"},{"key":"ref229","unstructured":"Stevenson LW; ESCAPE and COMPASS trials. Theodore E. Woodward Award: Coming in out of the rain. Relieving congestion in heart failure. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2009; 120: 177-187"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.04.014"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9244-4"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2010.00162.x"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr045"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheart\/ehw099"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2011.11.016"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1106\/j.amjcard.2004.02.012"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000253"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.11.025"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurhertj\/ehw128"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(84)80042-6"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.09.013"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000268"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809139"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2014.09.004"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i17.2058"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i6.293"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs067"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3752-3"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.027"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.338"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/108139"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128145"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000458"},{"key":"ref254","unstructured":"Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012. AASLD Practice Guideline. Available from: URL: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301929099_Management _ofadult_patients_with_ascites_due_to_cirrhosis_Update_2012"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1504367"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v8.i25.1075"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30157-1"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.026"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107466"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gov032"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254.wjh.v8.i7.345"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168843"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26689"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)90877-7"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schloerb PR, Forster J, Delcore R, Kindscher JD. Bioelectrical impedance in the clinical evaluation of liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr1996; 64: 510S-514S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.510S"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210214"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i8.433"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.16-227"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.07.014"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20405"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032401"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.01.005"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000266683.64081.02"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000272"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/00341640"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b 013e31824c3238"},{"key":"ref279"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00003"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12331"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000473"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez M, Jim\u00e9nez-Lend\u00ednez M, Cidoncha M, Asensio MJ, Herrerot E, Collado A, Santacruz M. Comparison of fluid compartments and fluid responsiveness in septic and non-septic patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 1022-1029","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1103900607"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404380"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401602"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500896"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3822-1"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12723"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4675-y"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312173"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406617"},{"key":"ref294"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.106.035972"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181fc9178"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5731.350"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(87)80170-1"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810203191606"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199307000-00013"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.19030157.001311"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80222-0"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518209168064"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-5-688"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joles JA, Willekes-Koolschijn N, Braam B, Kortlandt W, Koomans HA, Dorhout Mees EJ. Colloid osmotic pressure in young analbuminemic rats. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: F23-F28","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1989.257.1.F23"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1492-z"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90782-4"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000166814"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183206"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00399.2005"},{"key":"ref311","unstructured":"Oliver WJ. Physiologic responses associated with steroid-induced diuresis in the nephrotic syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1963; 62: 449-464"},{"key":"ref312","unstructured":"Humphreys MH, Valentin JP, Qiu C, Ying WZ, Muldowney WP, Gardner DG. Underfill and overflow revisited: mechanisms of nephrotic edema. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1993; 104: 47-59; discussion 59-60"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523- 1755. 1998.00864.x"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110656"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00277.2003"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desch\u00eanes G, Gonin S, Zolty E, Cheval L, Rousselot M, Martin PY, Verbavatz JM, F\u00e9raille E, Doucet A. Increased synthesis and avp unresponsiveness of Na,K-ATPase in collecting duct from nephrotic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2241-2252","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V12112241"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00138.2015"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11881\/ASN.2008040364"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3264\/Nefrologia.pre2010.Nov.10724"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.180"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.11.006"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.20140303267"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1326-3"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2020.01267.x"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1312-132"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-6124\/full\/v7\/i1\/1.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T19:03:55Z","timestamp":1660244635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-6124\/full\/v7\/i1\/1.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]]},"references-count":325,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5527\/wjn.v7.i1.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-6124"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-6124","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,6]]}}}