{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:58:55Z","timestamp":1774022335292,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.e-arm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Rehabil Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective To identify the normal range, distribution, and age-dependent differences in the cephalic index (CI) of Korean children with normal brain development and develop a classification of the current CI for Korean children up to 7 years of age.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,389 children who visited our hospital in the emergency room between October 2015 and September 2020 because of suspected head injuries. Finally, 1,248 children (741 male and 507 female) were enrolled after excluding abnormal medical or familial history and divided into 10 groups by age. The CI was measured using brain computed tomography and calculated according to the following equation: cephalic width\/cephalic length\u00d7100.Results The averages of CI by age groups were as follows: 89.29 (0\u20133 months group, n=44); 91.41 (4\u20136 months group, n=63); 89.68 (7\u20139 months group, n=62); 87.52 (10\u201312 months group, n=41); 87.64 (\u22652 years group, n=243); 86.63 (\u22653 years group, n=178); 85.62 (\u22654 years group, n=232); 85.77 (\u22655 years group, n=201); 85.15 (\u22656 years group, n=75); and 85.34 (\u22657 years group, n=109). The CI of Korean children in normal brain development was confirmed to be large, showing a notable difference compared to that of Caucasians.Conclusion The current CI of Korean children will provide a valuable reference for diagnosing and treating cranial deformities, especially dolichocephaly and brachycephaly as well as to monitor the morphology of the cranium in clinics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.20235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T07:38:29Z","timestamp":1620027509000},"page":"141-149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cephalic Index of Korean Children With Normal Brain Development During the First 7 Years of Life Based on Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.5535","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6505-4320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heesung","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3651-9755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nami","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-045X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mi Ja","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-9014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minjung","family":"Kook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-2749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3481","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072612"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, and scaphocephaly. Part I: terminology, diagnosis, and etiopathogenesis","author":"Rogers","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2059-y"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199905060-00004"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, and scaphocephaly. Part II: prevention and treatment","author":"Rogers","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"103","volume-title":"","author":"Cohen","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Roentgenological skull measurements and their diagnostic applications","author":"Haas","year":"1952"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6728-7"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Accuracy of craniofacial measurements: computed tomography and three-dimensional computed tomography compared with stereolithographic models","author":"Fruhwald","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(1992)029<0112"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.10.017"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/502836"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0118_csmboc_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0b013e3181ecc2f3"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Prevalence of positional skull deformities in 530 premature infants with a corrected age of up to 6 months: a multicenter study","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"99","volume-title":"A study on the correlations among cephalofacial measurements in Korean students","author":"Jung","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Chronologic change of Korean cephalic index (0 to 20 years) obtained from a cephalograph","author":"Yun","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.023"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"96","volume-title":"","author":"Gripp","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.1.83"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Prenatal assessment of gestational age, date of delivery, and fetal weight [Internet]","author":"MacKenzie"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"511","volume-title":"Individual course of cranial symmetry and proportion in preterm infants up to 6 months of corrected age","author":"Ifflaender","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29086"}],"container-title":["Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-arm.org\/upload\/pdf\/arm-20235.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-arm.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5535\/arm.20235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-arm.org\/upload\/pdf\/arm-20235.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:58:58Z","timestamp":1749603538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-arm.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5535\/arm.20235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.20235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-0645","2234-0653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-0645","type":"print"},{"value":"2234-0653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}