{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:23:09Z","timestamp":1775823789697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Japan Atherosclerosis Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAT","J Atheroscler Thromb"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.5551\/jat.55616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T22:05:46Z","timestamp":1587679546000},"page":"124-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of Probucol and\/or Cilostazol on Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized, Multicenter, Multinational Study"],"prefix":"10.5551","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Jae","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moo Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donga University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Heart Stroke & Vascular Institute, Samsung Medical Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Boramae Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong Euy","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drs Park and Kim Heart and lung international clinic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Department, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byung-Hee","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Mediplex Sejong Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"On behalf of IMPACT on IMT investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3489","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) McCaughan D: The long-term effects of probucol on serum lipid levels. Arch Intern Med, 1981; 141: 1428-1432","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.141.11.1428"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Barnhart JW, Sefranka JA and McIntosh DD: Hypocholesterolemic effect of 4,4'-(isopropylidenedithio)-bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol) (probucol). Am J Clin Nutr, 1970; 23: 1229-1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/23.9.1229"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3) Sasahara M, Raines EW, Chait A, Carew TE, Steinberg D, Wahl PW and Ross R: Inhibition of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the nonhuman primate by probucol. I. Is the extent of atherosclerosis related to resistance of LDL to oxidation? J Clin Invest, 1994; 94: 155-164"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Carew TE, Schwenke DC and Steinberg D: Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1987; 84: 7725-7729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.21.7725"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Sawayama Y, Shimizu C, Maeda N, Tatsukawa M, Kinukawa N, Koyanagi S, Kashiwagi S and Hayashi J: Effects of probucol and pravastatin on common carotid atherosclerosis in patients with asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia. Fukuoka Atherosclerosis Trial (FAST). J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 39: 610-616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01783-1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Yamashita S, Masuda D and Matsuzawa Y: Did we abandon probucol too soon? Curr Opin Lipidol, 2015; 26: 304-316","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000199"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Browne KF, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ, Cerimele BJ, Fineberg N and Zipes DP: Prolongation of the QT interval induced by probucol: demonstration of a method for determining QT interval change induced by a drug. Am Heart J, 1984; 107: 680-684","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90315-6"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Yamashita S, Hbujo H, Arai H, Harada-Shiba M, Matsui S, Fukushima M, Saito Y, Kita T and Matsuzawa Y: Long-term probucol treatment prevents secondary cardiovascular events: a cohort study of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2008; 15: 292-303","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.E610"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Lee JH, Oh GT, Park SY, Choi JH, Park JG, Kim CD, Lee WS, Rhim BY, Shin YW and Hong KW: Cilostazol reduces atherosclerosis by inhibition of superoxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha formation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed high cholesterol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2005; 313: 502-509","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.079780"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Chuang SY, Yang SH and Pang JH: Cilostazol reduces MCP-1-induced chemotaxis and adhesion of THP-1 monocytes by inhibiting CCR2 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011; 411: 402-408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.163"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Suzuki K, Uchida K, Nakanishi N and Hattori Y: Cilostazol activates AMP-activated protein kinase and restores endothelial function in diabetes. Am J Hypertens, 2008; 21: 451-457","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.6"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Tani T, Uehara K, Sudo T, Marukawa K, Yasuda Y and Kimura Y: Cilostazol, a selective type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, decreases triglyceride and increases HDL cholesterol levels by increasing lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. Atherosclerosis, 2000; 152: 299-305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00480-3"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Geng DF, Deng J, Jin DM, Wu W and Wang JF: Effect of cilostazol on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 2012; 220: 177-183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.048"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Ferns GA, Forster L, Stewart-Lee A, Konneh M, Nourooz-Zadeh J and Anggard EE: Probucol inhibits neointimal thickening and macrophage accumulation after balloon injury in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992; 89: 11312-11316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.23.11312"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Zou Y, Hu C, Ye W, Fan L, Xu L and Zhang A: Lon-gterm clinical efficacy and safety of adding cilostazol to dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation in coronary arteries: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res, 2015; 136: 870-877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.08.018"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"17) Suh JW, Lee SP, Park KW, Lee HY, Kang HJ, Koo BK, Cho YS, Youn TJ, Chae IH, Choi DJ, Rha SW, Bae JH, Kwon TG, Bae JW, Cho MC and Kim HS: Multicenter randomized trial evaluating the efficacy of cilostazol on ischemic vascular complications after drug-eluting stent implantation for coronary heart disease: results of the CILON-T (influence of CILostazol-based triple antiplatelet therapy ON ischemic complication after drug-eluting stenT implantation) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011; 57: 280-289"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Wang Y, Bai L, Lin Y, Chen Y, Guan H, Zhu N, Li Y, Gao S, Sun L, Zhao S, Fan J and Liu E: Combined use of probucol and cilostazol with atorvastatin attenuates atherosclerosis in moderately hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Lipids Health Dis, 2015; 14: 82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0083-5"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Chen Y, Zhao S, Huang B, Wang Y, Li Y, Waqar AB, Liu R, Bai L, Fan J and Liu E: Probucol and cilostazol exert a combinatorial anti-atherogenic effect in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Thromb Res, 2013; 132: 565-571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.09.007"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Takase B, Nagata M, Hattori H, Tanaka Y and Ishihara M: Combined therapeutic effect of probucol and cilostazol on endothelial function in patients with silent cerebral lacunar infarcts and hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary study. Med Princ Pract, 2014; 23: 59-65","DOI":"10.1159\/000355825"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) de Groot E, van Leuven SI, Duivenvoorden R, Meuwese MC, Akdim F, Bots ML and Kastelein JJ: Measurement of carotid intima-media thickness to assess progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med, 2008; 5: 280-288","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1163"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC, Jr., Watson K, Wilson PW, Eddleman KM, Jarrett NM, LaBresh K, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC, Jr., Tomaselli GF and American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G: 2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2014; 129: S1-45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Ko YG, Choi SH, Chol Kang W, Kwon Lee B, Wook Kim S and Shim WH: Effects of combination therapy with cilostazol and probucol versus monotherapy with cilostazol on coronary plaque, lipid and biomarkers: SECURE study, a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2014; 21: 816-830","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.22657"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Ahn CW, Lee HC, Park SW, Song YD, Huh KB, Oh SJ, Kim YS, Choi YK, Kim JM and Lee TH: Decrease in carotid intima media thickness after 1 year of cilostazol treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2001; 52: 45-53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(00)00235-7"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Ahn CM, Hong SJ, Park JH, Kim JS and Lim DS: Cilostazol reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness without increasing the risk of bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndrome during a 2-year follow-up. Heart Vessels, 2011; 26: 502-510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-010-0093-1"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Seo WK, Kim YJ, Lee J, Kwon SU and Investigators P: Design and Rationale of the Intima-Medial Thickness Sub-Study of the PreventIon of CArdiovascular Events in iSchemic Stroke Patients with High Risk of Cerebral hemOrrhage (PICASSO-IMT) Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2017; 26: 1892-1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.035"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Yamashita S, Masuda D, Ohama T, Arai H, Bujo H, Kagimura T, Kita T, Matsuzaki M, Saito Y, Fukushima M, Matsuzawa Y and Group PS: Rationale and Design of the PROSPECTIVE Trial: Probucol Trial for Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Events in Patients with Prior Coronary Heart Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2016; 23: 746-756","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.32813"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Kim BJ, Lee EJ, Kwon SU, Park JH, Kim YJ, Hong KS, Wong LKS, Yu S, Hwang YH, Lee JS, Lee J, Rha JH, Heo SH, Ahn SH, Seo WK, Park JM, Lee JH, Kwon JH, Sohn SI, Jung JM, Navarro JC and Kang DW: Prevention of cardiovascular events in Asian patients with ischaemic stroke at high risk of cerebral haemorrhage (PICASSO): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 2018; 17:509-518","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30128-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jat\/28\/2\/28_55616\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,4]],"date-time":"2024-08-04T16:07:28Z","timestamp":1722787648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jat\/28\/2\/28_55616\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5551\/jat.55616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1340-3478","1880-3873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1340-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-3873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}