{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:02:27Z","timestamp":1782997347530,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Japan Atherosclerosis Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAT","J Atheroscler Thromb"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.5551\/jat.65925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T22:08:26Z","timestamp":1759874906000},"page":"323-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evinacumab Improved the Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Lipid Metabolism: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.5551","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Hospital"},{"name":"Tsukuba Clinical Research and Development Organization (T-CReDO), University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Osaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nako","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikako","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Sugano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan J.","family":"Mathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohiro","family":"Sekiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Shimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3489","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HN, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Kuivenhoven JA, Nordestgaard BG, Descamps OS, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A, Watts GF, Averna M, Boileau C, Bor\u00e9n J, Catapano AL, Defesche JC, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Kovanen PT, Masana L, Pajukanta P, Parhofer KG, Ray KK, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes E, Taskinen MR, Wiegman A, Wiklund O and Chapman MJ: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J, 2014; 35: 2146-2157","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu274"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Harada-Shiba M, Arai H, Ohmura H, Okazaki H, Sugiyama D, Tada H, Dobashi K, Matsuki K, Minamino T, Yamashita S and Yokote K: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Familial Hypercholesterolemia 2022. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2023; 30: 558-586","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.CR005"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, Wiklund O, Hegele RA, Raal FJ, Defesche JC, Wiegman A, Santos RD, Watts GF, Parhofer KG, Hovingh GK, Kovanen PT, Boileau C, Averna M, Bor\u00e9n J, Bruckert E, Catapano AL, Kuivenhoven JA, Pajukanta P, Ray K, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes E, Taskinen MR and Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A: Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J, 2013; 34: 3478-3490a","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Cuchel M, Raal FJ, Hegele RA, Al-Rasadi K, Arca M, Averna M, Bruckert E, Freiberger T, Gaudet D, Harada-Shiba M, Hudgins LC, Kayikcioglu M, Masana L, Parhofer KG, Roeters van Lennep JE, Santos RD, Stroes ESG, Watts GF, Wiegman A, Stock JK, Tokg\u00f6zo\u011flu LS, Catapano AL and Ray KK: 2023 Update on European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Statement on Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: new treatments and clinical guidance. European Heart Journal, 2023; 44: 2277-2291","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad197"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Raal FJ, Honarpour N, Blom DJ, Hovingh GK, Xu F, Scott R, Wasserman SM and Stein EA: Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2015; 385: 341-350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61374-X"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Underberg JA, Cannon CP, Larrey D, Makris L, Blom D and Phillips H: Long-term safety and efficacy of lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Five-year data from the Lomitapide Observational Worldwide Evaluation Registry (LOWER). Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 2020; 14: 807-817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.08.006"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Raal FJ, Rosenson RS, Reeskamp LF, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Rubba P, Ali S, Banerjee P, Chan K-C, Gipe DA, Khilla N, Pordy R, Weinreich DM, Yancopoulos GD, Zhang Y and Gaudet D: Evinacumab for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020; 383: 711-720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004215"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Surma S, Roma\u0144czyk M and Filipiak KJ: Angiopoietin-like proteins inhibitors: New horizons in the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia and familial hypercholesterolemia. Cardiol J, 2023; 30: 131-142","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2021.0006"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Reeskamp LF, Millar JS, Wu L, Jansen H, van Harskamp D, Schierbeek H, Gipe DA, Rader DJ, Dallinga-Thie GM, Hovingh GK and Cuchel M: ANGPTL3 Inhibition With Evinacumab Results in Faster Clearance of IDL and LDL apoB in Patients With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia\u2014Brief Report. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2021; 41: 1753-1759","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315204"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Nagahara K, Nishibukuro T, Ogiwara Y, Ikegawa K, Tada H, Yamagishi M, Kawashiri MA, Ochi A, Toyoda J, Nakano Y, Adachi M, Mizuno K, Hasegawa Y and Dobashi K: Genetic Analysis of Japanese Children Clinically Diagnosed with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2022; 29: 667-677","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.62807"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Kobayashi T, Saku K, Arakawa K and Hamaguchi H: Two novel frameshift mutations associated with the presence of direct repeats of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Genet, 1993; 92: 331-335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01247329"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Zivkovic AM, Wiest MM, Nguyen UT, Davis R, Watkins SM and German JB: Effects of sample handling and storage on quantitative lipid analysis in human serum. Metabolomics, 2009; 5: 507-516","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-009-0174-2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Adam RC, Mintah IJ, Alexa-Braun CA, Shihanian LM, Lee JS, Banerjee P, Hamon SC, Kim HI, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH, Van Hout C, Gromada J, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Sleeman MW and Gusarova V: Angiopoietin-like protein 3 governs LDL-cholesterol levels through endothelial lipase-dependent VLDL clearance. J Lipid Res, 2020; 61: 1271-1286","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000888"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Wang Y, Gusarova V, Banfi S, Gromada J, Cohen JC and Hobbs HH: Inactivation of ANGPTL3 reduces hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. J Lipid Res, 2015; 56: 1296-1307","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M054882"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Fagerberg L, Hallstr\u00f6m BM, Oksvold P, Kampf C, Djureinovic D, Odeberg J, Habuka M, Tahmasebpoor S, Danielsson A, Edlund K, Asplund A, Sj\u00f6stedt E, Lundberg E, Szigyarto CA, Skogs M, Takanen JO, Berling H, Tegel H, Mulder J, Nilsson P, Schwenk JM, Lindskog C, Danielsson F, Mardinoglu A, Sivertsson A, von Feilitzen K, Forsberg M, Zwahlen M, Olsson I, Navani S, Huss M, Nielsen J, Ponten F and Uhl\u00e9n M: Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2014; 13: 397-406","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.035600"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Takahashi S, Sakai J, Fujino T, Hattori H, Zenimaru Y, Suzuki J, Miyamori I and Yamamoto TT: The Very Low-density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Receptor: Characterization and Functions as a Peripheral Lipoprotein Receptor. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2004; 11: 200-208","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.11.200"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Kobayashi K, Oka K, Forte T, Ishida B, Teng B, Ishimura-Oka K, Nakamuta M and Chan L: Reversal of Hypercholesterolemia in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice by Adenovirus-mediated Gene Transfer of the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1996; 271: 6852-6860","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.6852"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Kozarsky KE, Jooss K, Donahee M, Strauss JF and Wilson JM: Effective treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia in the mouse model using adenovirus\u2013mediated transfer of the VLDL receptor gene. Nature Genetics, 1996; 13: 54-62","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0596-54"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Oka K, Pastore L, Kim I-H, Merched A, Nomura S, Lee H-J, Merched-Sauvage M, Arden-Riley C, Lee B, Finegold M, Beaudet A and Chan L: Long-Term Stable Correction of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor\u2013Deficient Mice With a Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector Expressing the Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor. Circulation, 2001; 103: 1274-1281","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.9.1274"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Larouche M, Banerjee P, Brisson D, Pordy R and Gaudet D: Treatment With Evinacumab Links a New Pathogenic Variant in the LPL Gene to Persistent Chylomicronemia. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2025; 9:","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf025"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Wu L, Soundarapandian MM, Castoreno AB, Millar JS and Rader DJ: LDL-Cholesterol Reduction by ANGPTL3 Inhibition in Mice Is Dependent on Endothelial Lipase. Circ Res, 2020; 127: 1112-1114","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317128"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Broedl UC, Maugeais C, Millar JS, Jin W, Moore RE, Fuki IV, Marchadier D, Glick JM and Rader DJ: Endothelial lipase promotes the catabolism of ApoB-containing lipoproteins. Circ Res, 2004; 94: 1554-1561","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000130657.00222.39"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Saeed A, Feofanova EV, Yu B, Sun W, Virani SS, Nambi V, Coresh J, Guild CS, Boerwinkle E, Ballantyne CM and Hoogeveen RC: Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglycerides, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2018; 72: 156-169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.050"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Nakajima K, Saito T, Tamura A, Suzuki M, Nakano T, Adachi M, Tanaka A, Tada N, Nakamura H, Campos E and et al.: Cholesterol in remnant-like lipoproteins in human serum using monoclonal anti apo B-100 and anti apo A-I immunoaffinity mixed gels. Clin Chim Acta, 1993; 223: 53-71","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90062-9"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Kugiyama K, Doi H, Takazoe K, Kawano H, Soejima H, Mizuno Y, Tsunoda R, Sakamoto T, Nakano T, Nakajima K, Ogawa H, Sugiyama S, Yoshimura M and Yasue H: Remnant lipoprotein levels in fasting serum predict coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1999; 99: 2858-2860","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.22.2858"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Ooi TC, Cousins M, Ooi DS, Nakajima K and Edwards AL: Effect of fibrates on postprandial remnant-like particles in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 2004; 172: 375-382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.016"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Araki E, Yamashita S, Arai H, Yokote K, Satoh J, Inoguchi T, Nakamura J, Maegawa H, Yoshioka N, Tanizawa Y, Watada H, Suganami H and Ishibashi S: Efficacy and safety of pemafibrate in people with type 2 diabetes and elevated triglyceride levels: 52-week data from the PROVIDE study. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2019; 21: 1737-1744","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13686"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Pradhan AD, Glynn RJ, Fruchart J-C, MacFadyen JG, Zaharris ES, Everett BM, Campbell SE, Oshima R, Amarenco P, Blom DJ, Brinton EA, Eckel RH, Elam MB, Felicio JS, Ginsberg HN, Goudev A, Ishibashi S, Joseph J, Kodama T, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Lorenzatti AJ, Mankovsky B, Marx N, Nordestgaard BG, P\u00e1ll D, Ray KK, Santos RD, Soran H, Susekov A, Tendera M, Yokote K, Paynter NP, Buring JE, Libby P and Ridker PM: Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. New England Journal of Medicine, 2022; 387: 1923-1934","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210645"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Yoshino G, Hirano T and Kazumi T: Treatment of Small Dense LDL. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2002; 9: 266-275","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.9.266"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30) Higashioka M, Sakata S, Honda T, Hata J, Yoshida D, Hirakawa Y, Shibata M, Goto K, Kitazono T, Osawa H and Ninomiya T: Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in a Japanese Community. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2020; 27: 669-682","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.51961"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Endo K, Kobayashi R, Tanaka M, Tanaka M, Akiyama Y, Sato T, Hosaka I, Nakata K, Koyama M, Ohnishi H, Takahashi S and Furuhashi M: Validation of Estimated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration in a Japanese General Population. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2024; 31: 931-952","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.64578"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Hida Y, Imamura T and Kinugawa K: Impact of Pemafibrate Therapy on Reducing Small Dense Low-Density-Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Med, 2023; 12:","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216915"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33) Amaki T, Suzuki T, Nakamura F, Hayashi D, Imai Y, Morita H, Fukino K, Nojiri T, Kitano S, Hibi N, Yamazaki T and Nagai R: Circulating malondialdehyde modified LDL is a biochemical risk marker for coronary artery disease. Heart, 2004; 90: 1211-1213","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.018226"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34) Ito T, Fujita H, Tani T and Ohte N: Malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein is a predictor of cardiac events in patients with stable angina on lipid-lowering therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stent. Atherosclerosis, 2015; 239: 311-317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.026"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35) Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Usai MF, Carru C and Mangoni AA: Effect of statin treatment on circulating malondialdehyde concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis, 2019; 10: 2040622319862714","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622319862714"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36) Wassmann S, Laufs U, M\u00fcller K, Konkol C, Ahlbory K, B\u00e4umer AT, Linz W, B\u00f6hm M and Nickenig G: Cellular antioxidant effects of atorvastatin in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2002; 22: 300-305","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0202.104081"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37) Ogawa K, Tanaka T, Nagoshi T, Sekiyama H, Arase S, Minai K, Ogawa T and Yoshimura M: Increase in the oxidised low-density lipoprotein level by smoking and the possible inhibitory effect of statin therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective study. BMJ Open, 2015; 5: e005455","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005455"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38) Galeano NF, Al-Haideri M, Keyserman F, Rumsey SC and Deckelbaum RJ: Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity. J Lipid Res, 1998; 39: 1263-1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32551-7"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39) Fuki IV, Blanchard N, Jin W, Marchadier DH, Millar JS, Glick JM and Rader DJ: Endogenously produced endothelial lipase enhances binding and cellular processing of plasma lipoproteins via heparan sulfate proteoglycan-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem, 2003; 278: 34331-34338","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302181200"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40) Brown RJ, Lagor WR, Sankaranaravanan S, Yasuda T, Quertermous T, Rothblat GH and Rader DJ: Impact of combined deficiency of hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase on the metabolism of both high-density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Circ Res, 2010; 107: 357-364","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.219188"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41) Zheng C, Murdoch SJ, Brunzell JD and Sacks FM: Lipoprotein lipase bound to apolipoprotein B lipoproteins accelerates clearance of postprandial lipoproteins in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006; 26: 891-896","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000203512.01007.3d"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42) Nielsen MS, Brejning J, Garc\u00eda R, Zhang H, Hayden MR, Vilar\u00f3 S and Gliemann J: Segments in the C-terminal Folding Domain of Lipoprotein Lipase Important for Binding to the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein and to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans*. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997; 272: 5821-5827","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.9.5821"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Beisiegel U, Weber W and Bengtsson-Olivecrona G: Lipoprotein lipase enhances the binding of chylomicrons to low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1991; 88: 8342-8346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.19.8342"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson A, White IR, Marcovina SM, Collins R, Thompson SG and Danesh J: Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. Jama, 2009; 302: 412-423","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1063"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45) Wiklund O, Angelin B, Olofsson SO, Eriksson M, Fager G, Berglund L and Bondjers G: Apolipoprotein(a) and ischaemic heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet (London, England), 1990; 335: 1360-1363","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91242-3"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46) Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, Bisch JA, Richardson T, Jaros M, Wijngaard PLJ and Kastelein JJP: Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine, 2020; 382: 1507-1519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47) Tsimikas S, Gordts P, Nora C, Yeang C and Witztum JL: Statin therapy increases lipoprotein(a) levels. Eur Heart J, 2020; 41: 2275-2284","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz310"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48) M\u00fcller N, Schulte DM, T\u00fcrk K, Freitag-Wolf S, Hampe J, Zeuner R, Schr\u00f6der JO, Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK, Krone W, Rose-John S, Schreiber S and Laudes M: IL-6 blockade by monoclonal antibodies inhibits apolipoprotein (a) expression and lipoprotein (a) synthesis in humans. Journal of Lipid Research, 2015; 56: 1034-1042","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P052209"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49) Razavi AC, Hong J and Bhatia HS: Lp(a): Global Public Health Concern: Emerging Knowledge and Therapeutic Approaches. Current Cardiology Reports, 2025; 27: 104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-025-02255-2"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50) Gaba P, Rosenson RS, L\u00f3pez JAG, Watts GF, Leucker TM, Kuder JF, Im K, Kassahun H, Wang H, Wu Y, Wang J, Ohman EM, Sabatine MS and O\u2019Donoghue ML: Intraindividual Variability in Serial Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations Among Placebo-Treated Patients in the OCEAN(a)-DOSE Trial. JACC, 2025; 85: 550-553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.081"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51) Watts GF, Schwabe C, Scott R, Gladding PA, Sullivan D, Baker J, Clifton P, Hamilton J, Given B, Melquist S, Zhou R, Chang T, San Martin J, Gaudet D, Goldberg IJ, Knowles JW, Hegele RA and Ballantyne CM: RNA interference targeting ANGPTL3 for triglyceride and cholesterol lowering: phase 1 basket trial cohorts. Nat Med, 2023; 29: 2216-2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02494-2"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52) Nordestgaard BG and Langsted A: Lipoprotein (a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease: insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology. J Lipid Res, 2016; 57: 1953-1975","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R071233"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53) de Boer LM, Oorthuys AOJ, Wiegman A, Langendam MW, Kroon J, Spijker R, Zwinderman AH and Hutten BA: Statin therapy and lipoprotein(a) levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2021; 29: 779-792","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab171"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54) Ridker PM, Bhatt DL, Pradhan AD, Glynn RJ, MacFadyen JG and Nissen SE: Inflammation and cholesterol as predictors of cardiovascular events among patients receiving statin therapy: a collaborative analysis of three randomised trials. Lancet (London, England), 2023; 401: 1293-1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00215-5"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55) Xie S, Galimberti F, Olmastroni E, Luscher TF, Carugo S, Catapano AL and Casula M: Effect of lipid-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein levels: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Res, 2024; 120: 333-344","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae034"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56) Cao YX, Li S, Liu HH and Li JJ: Impact of PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies on circulating hs-CRP levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open, 2018; 8: e022348","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022348"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57) Ruscica M, Tokg\u00f6zo\u011flu L, Corsini A and Sirtori CR: PCSK9 inhibition and inflammation: A narrative review. Atherosclerosis, 2019; 288: 146-155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.015"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58) Rosenson RS, Rader DJ, Ali S, Banerjee P, McGinniss J and Pordy R: Evinacumab Reduces Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Post-Hoc Analysis of Three Randomized Clinical Trials. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 2024;","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-024-07567-z"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59) Wolska A, Dunbar RL, Freeman LA, Ueda M, Amar MJ, Sviridov DO and Remaley AT: Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism. Atherosclerosis, 2017; 267: 49-60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.025"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60) Sacks, Editorial Board FM, Zheng C, Cohn and Editorial Board JS: Complexities of plasma apolipoprotein C-III metabolism 1. Journal of Lipid Research, 2011; 52: 1067-1070","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E015701"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61) Bornfeldt KE: Apolipoprotein C3: form begets function. Journal of Lipid Research, 2024; 65: 100475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100475"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62) Shu X, Nelbach L, Weinstein MM, Burgess BL, Beckstead JA, Young SG, Ryan RO and Forte TM: Intravenous injection of apolipoprotein A-V reconstituted high-density lipoprotein decreases hypertriglyceridemia in apoav-\/- mice and requires glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2010; 30: 2504-2509","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.210815"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63) Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Zhen EY, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian Y-W and Konrad RJ: ApoA5 lowers triglyceride levels via suppression of ANGPTL3\/8-mediated LPL inhibition. Journal of Lipid Research, 2021; 62:","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100068"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64) Garelnabi M, Lor K, Jin J, Chai F and Santanam N: The paradox of ApoA5 modulation of triglycerides: Evidence from clinical and basic research. Clinical Biochemistry, 2013; 46: 12-19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.09.007"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65) Talmud PJ, Cooper JA, Hattori H, Miller IP, Miller GJ and Humphries SE: The apolipoprotein A-V genotype and plasma apolipoprotein A-V and triglyceride levels: prospective risk of type 2 diabetes. Results from the Northwick Park Heart Study II. Diabetologia, 2006; 49: 2337-2340","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0387-0"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66) Dallinga-Thie GM, van Tol A, Hattori H, van Vark-van der Zee LC, Jansen H and Sijbrands EJ: Plasma apolipoprotein A5 and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2006; 49: 1505-1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0261-0"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67) Schoonjans K, Staels B and Auwerx J: Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression. J Lipid Res, 1996; 37: 907-925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42003-6"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68) Vu-Dac N, Gervois P, Jakel H, Nowak M, Bauge E, Dehondt H, Staels B, Pennacchio LA, Rubin EM, Fruchart-Najib J and Fruchart JC: Apolipoprotein A5, a crucial determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, is highly responsive to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators. J Biol Chem, 2003; 278: 17982-17985","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212191200"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69) Li XP, Gong HR, Huang XS, Huang WY and Zhao SP: The influence of statin-fibrate combination therapy on lipids profile and apolipoprotein A5 in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Lipids Health Dis, 2013; 12: 133","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-133"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70) Goldberg IJ, Eckel RH and Abumrad NA: Regulation of fatty acid uptake into tissues: lipoprotein lipase- and CD36-mediated pathways. J Lipid Res, 2009; 50 Suppl: S86-90","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800085-JLR200"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71) Ramos-Roman MA, Sweetman L, Valdez MJ and Parks EJ: Postprandial changes in plasma acylcarnitine concentrations as markers of fatty acid flux in overweight and obesity. Metabolism, 2012; 61: 202-212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.06.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jat\/33\/3\/33_65925\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:39:23Z","timestamp":1772858363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jat\/33\/3\/33_65925\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5551\/jat.65925","relation":{},"ISSN":["1340-3478","1880-3873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1340-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-3873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"article-number":"65925"}}