{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T23:59:11Z","timestamp":1774915151716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurobiol. Exp."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is an age\u2011related, progressive decline in cognitive ability. Accumulation and deposition of amyloid\u2011\u03b2 (A\u03b2) is still the best\u2011known cause of AD that worsens over time. It is unclear whether the increase in A\u03b2 production or the inefficiency of the degradation system causes the accumulation of \u03b2\u2011fibrils during AD development. This research investigated A\u03b2\u2011producing and clearance pathways in different stages of AD. For this purpose, patients were categorized into four experimental groups: patients with mild cognitive impairment, patients with moderate cognitive decline, patients with very severe cognitive decline, and healthy patients as control. Levels of A\u03b2\u201140, soluble amyloid precursor protein beta (sAPP\u03b2), matrix metalloproteinase\u20119 (MMP\u20119), matrix metalloproteinase\u20113 (MMP\u20113), neprilysin (NEP), angiotensin\u2011converting enzyme (ACE), and insulin\u2011degrading enzyme (IDE) were determined by ELISA kits and immunoblotting in serum samples. According to the results, the levels of A\u03b2\u201140 and sAPP\u03b2 increased in AD patients from an early stage, and levels were maintained in progressive AD stages. MMP\u20119 also increased in the early stage, but its content decreased with disease development. MMP\u20113 was significantly higher in the three stages of AD compared to the control patients. However, IDE, NEP, and ACE enzymes as clearing systems decreased in all studied AD samples, with their reductions more remarkable in the middle and late stages. The results showed that multiple A\u03b2\u2011degrading enzymes such as NEP and IDE in AD patients decline as AD progresses, while A\u03b2\u201140 and sAPP\u03b2 increased from the early stage of the disease. Therefore, it could be concluded that detection of the dementia phase is a critical step for therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2024-2486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:38:15Z","timestamp":1727692695000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of amyloid\u2011\u03b2 peptide production and clearance pathways in different stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.55782","author":[{"given":"Sinan","family":"Yousif Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34635","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"container-title":["Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/download\/2486\/2476","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/download\/2486\/2476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:38:16Z","timestamp":1727692696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/view\/2486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55782\/ane-2024-2486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1689-0035","0065-1400"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1689-0035","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0065-1400","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}}}