{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:46:03Z","timestamp":1777286763294,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurobiol. Exp."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia accumulate in malignant gliomas and play a pivotal role in tumor progression. Using single\u2011cell RNA sequencing studies researchers have probed gene expression in the myeloid cells in experimental gliomas at relatively late stages of the tumor development. Therefore, the early changes in gene expression in microglia in response to glioma are not fully characterized. We have previously reported distinct profiles of gene expression in the rat primary microglia cultures treated for 6 hours with either rat C6 glioma\u2011conditioned medium (GCM) or lipopolysaccharide. In the current study, using RNA\u2011seq, we characterized the transcriptional response of rat primary microglia to GCM in vitro at different time\u2011points: 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, as compared to the control treated for 6 h with its own medium. We observed that during the GCM treatment gene expression changes in a biphasic, swing\u2011like pattern. This includes the genes involved in innate immune response, which are mostly down\u2011regulated at 6 h by the GCM treatment, as compared to the time\u2011matched control, and subsequently up\u2011regulated at 48 h, as compared to the earlier time\u2011points of the GCM treatment. Conversely, the genes involved in the cell cycle are up\u2011regulated at 6 h and down\u2011regulated at 48 h, which coincides with the induction of Tgfb1. Notable exceptions to this biphasic pattern include key genes activating immune response, such as Tlr9 and Myd88, which are down\u2011regulated early and persistently, while genes inhibiting immune activation, such as Trem1, and genes involved in a metabolic switch, such as Pfkl, are persistently up\u2011regulated. Most notably, the up\u2011regulated genes include Ptgs1 (alias Cox1) and Tbxas1, which encode the enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of thromboxane A2, a known inducer of T cell suppression. Further studies are needed to test the functional consequences of their up\u2011regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.55782\/z4j0rp75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:07:32Z","timestamp":1777284452000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microglia up\u2011regulate thromboxane A2 synthesis genes in response to C6 glioma\u2011conditioned medium"],"prefix":"10.55782","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Gielniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Wojta\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Maleszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Experimental Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"34635","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"container-title":["Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/download\/2765\/2559","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/download\/2765\/2559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:07:32Z","timestamp":1777284452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ane.pl\/index.php\/ane\/article\/view\/2765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55782\/z4j0rp75","relation":{},"ISSN":["1689-0035","0065-1400"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1689-0035","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0065-1400","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}