{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:05:46Z","timestamp":1779509146094,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"International Research and Cooperation Association for Bio & Socio-Sciences Advancement (IRCA-BSSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["DD&amp;T"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2026.01010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:09:23Z","timestamp":1776982163000},"page":"104-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classical traditional Chinese medicine formulas for inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic evidence and mechanistic insights"],"prefix":"10.5582","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lichao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China."},{"name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianwen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3542","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Kennedy MS, Chang EB. Emerging concepts and shifting paradigms for understanding the microbial basis of inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Invest. 2025; 135:e193969.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI193969"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Gros B, Kaplan GG. Ulcerative Colitis in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2023; 330:951-965.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.15389"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Dolinger M, Torres J, Vermeire S. Crohn&apos;s disease. Lancet. 2024; 403:1177-1191.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02586-2"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Bruner LP, White AM, Proksell S. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Prim Care. 2023; 50:411-427.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.009"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Hodson R. Inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2016; 540:S97.","DOI":"10.1038\/540S97a"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Olfatifar M, Zali MR, Pourhoseingholi MA, Balaii H, Ghavami SB, Ivanchuk M, Ivanchuk P, Nazari SH, Shahrokh S, Sabour S, Khodakarim S, Aghdaei HA, Rohani P, Mehralian G. The emerging epidemic of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia and Iran by 2035: A modeling study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021; 21:204.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01745-1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Diez-Martin E, Hernandez-Suarez L, Mu\u00f1oz-Villafranca C, Martin-Souto L, Astigarraga E, Ramirez-Garcia A, Barreda-G\u00f3mez G. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Molecular Bases, Predictive Biomarkers, Diagnostic Methods, and Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25:7062.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137062"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Hracs L, Windsor JW, Gorospe J, <i>et al<\/i>. Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages. Nature. 2025; 642:458-466.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08940-0"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Ruan G, Sun Y, Yu Z, Bai X, Yang H, Qian J. Global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2025; 13:goaf082.","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goaf082"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Stapersma L, van den Brink G, Szigethy EM, Escher JC, Utens E. Systematic review with meta-analysis: anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 48:496-506.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14865"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Fanizza J, Bencardino S, Allocca M, Furfaro F, Zilli A, Parigi TL, Fiorino G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, D&apos;Amico F. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2024; 16:2943.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172943"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Chang CW, Wong JM, Tung CC, Shih IL, Wang HY, Wei SC. Intestinal stricture in Crohn&apos;s disease. Intest Res. 2015; 13:19-26.","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2015.13.1.19"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Yeshi K, Jamtsho T, Wangchuk P. Current treatments, emerging therapeutics, and natural remedies for inflammatory bowel disease. Molecules. 2024; 29:3954.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163954"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Burisch J, Claytor J, Hernandez I, Hou JK, Kaplan GG. The Cost of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care: How to Make it Sustainable. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025; 23:386-395.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.049"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Yang L, Luo H, Tan D, Zhang S, Zhong Z, Wang S, Vong CT, Wang Y. A recent update on the use of Chinese medicine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Phytomedicine. 2021; 92:153709.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153709"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Xiao Q, Mo D, Liu G, Xu Y, Chen Y, Lu C. Research progress on the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn&apos;s disease with traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Iran J Pharm Res. 2025; 24:e163617.","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-163617"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Shen Z, Zhou Q, Ni Y, He W, Shen H, Zhu L. Traditional Chinese medicine for mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: Protocol for a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98:e16881.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016881"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Sun YX, Wang X, Liao X, Guo J, Hou WB, Wang X, Liu JP, Liu ZL. An evidence mapping of systematic reviews and meta-analysis on traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021; 21:228.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03387-y"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Li Y, Zhu Z, He S, Tang J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Dong Y, He L, Jia Y, Liu X. Shenling Baizhu Decoction treats ulcerative colitis of spleen-deficiency and dampness obstruction types by targeting &apos;gut microbiota and galactose metabolism-bone marrow&apos; axis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024; 335:118599.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118599"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Chen J, Shen B, Jiang Z. Traditional Chinese medicine prescription Shenling BaiZhu powder to treat ulcerative colitis: Clinical evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:978558.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.978558"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21. Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2023; 43:5-11. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22. Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine. Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2024; 44:1029-1035. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Yang L, Song Y, Jin P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Qiao H, Huang Y. Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San for ulcerative colitis: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97:e12337.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012337"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"24. Wu K, Luo J, Wu J, He T, Tan L, Li X. Meta-analysis of Shenling Baizhu Powder Combined with Aminosalicylic Acid Preparation in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Zhongguo Yao Fang. 2017; 28(36):5119-5122. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. Zhou T, Yang S, Wang J. Effects of Shenlingbaizhu powder combined with mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and the influence of NLRP3 inflammasome. Zhongguo Lin Chuang Yao Li Xue Yu Zhi Liao Xue. 2018; 23:319-324. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26. Li S, Hao X, Gong Y, Liu S, Niu W, Jia J, Tang Y. Effect of shenling baizhu powder on the serum TH1 cytokines of elderly patients with ulcerative colitis complicated by bloody purulent stool. Am J Transl Res. 2021; 13:9701-9707."},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27. Weizhen Q, Weifeng Z. Effect of Shenlingbaizhu Powder Combined with Mesalamine on Inflammatory Factors and Immune Function in Children and Adolescents with Ulcerative Colitis. Yi Yao Dao Bao. 2019; 38:584-588. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Jiao C, Zhang Q, Yang M, Ma J, Zhao X, Tang N, Dai M, Li Q, Jiang Z, Huang X, Zhang H, Sun L. Shenling Baizhu San ameliorates ulcerative colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and its tryptophan metabolites: A complementary medicine to mesalamine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022; 291:115145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115145"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Chen X, Cao J. Research Progress on the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Shaoyao Decoction. Lin Chuang Ge Xing Hua Yi Xue. 2024; 3:1759-1766. (in Chinese)","DOI":"10.12677\/jcpm.2024.34251"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Zhang S, Zhao L, Shen H, <i>et al.<\/i> International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis by Board of Specialty Committee of Digestive System Disease of World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (2023). Phytother Res. 2024; 38:970-999.","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8087"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Zhu Y, Liu Q. Safety and Efficacy of Shaoyao Decoction with Anti-Inflammatory Effect in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2025; 54:478-488.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v54i3.18241"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"32. Yao C, Li Y, Luo L, Feng P. Study on Mechanism of Shaoyao Decoction in Regulating Balance of Th17\/Treg Cells to Improve Inflammatory Response of Ulcerative Colitis with Damp Heat Syndrome of Large Intestine. Shi Jie Ke Xue Ji Shu Zhong Yi Yao Xian Dai Hua. 2021; 23:2635-2642. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"33. Tan G, Sun J, Qu Y, Zhou F, Pei C, Feng T. Clinical observation of Shaoyao decoction and infliximab on moderate or severe ulcerative colitis. Shanxi Zhong Yi. 2020; 36:23-26. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Xie Q, Yu W, He Y, Deng G, Yang H, Chen J, Liang J, Zeng X, Guo J, Ma R. Efficacy and safety of BaitouWeng decoction for ulcerative colitis: A meta-analysis of randomized and controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024; 103:e38704.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038704"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"35. Miao Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Clinical efficacy assessment of new Baitouweng decoction in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xiao Hua Za Zhi. 2021; 29:93-96. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"36. Ma Q, Li Y, Ding Y. Clinical observation of Baitouweng decoction modified combined with mesalazine sustained release tablets in the treatment of ulcerative colitis with hot toxicity and its effect on immune function and serum inflammatory factor in patients with ulcerative colitis. Hainan Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2019; 25:918-922. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37. Liang G, Wu T, Sun H. Observation on the clinical efficacy of modified Baitouweng decoction retention enema in the treatment of ulcerative colitis of damp-heat accumulation type under the theory of chronic disease entering collaterals. Guo Ji Lin Chuang Yan Jiu. 2024; 8:17-23. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38. Yu Y, Wang Q, Chen Y, Li C, Zhang M. Regulatory effect of Tongxie Yaofang on immune function and intestinal mucosal barrier in patients with ulcerative colitis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xiao Hua Za Zhi. 2020; 28:858-862. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Shang Z, Zhou L, Liu Y, Yang X, Yao D, Zhai F, Liu B, Chen Y, Zhu X, Liu D, Yi B. Tongxie Yaofang attenuates ulcerative colitis by modulating gut microbiota and IL-10RA\/NF-\u03baB-mediated macrophage polarization. Phytomedicine. 2025; 148:157459.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157459"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"40. Du C. Study on the Overall Effect of Gegen Qinlian Decoction Combined with Mesalazine in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Medical Tribune. 2023; 5:42-44. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"41","unstructured":"41. Chen T, Wang Z, Peng Y, Wang Q, Pei Y, Yang Q, Yang W. Clinical effects of Supplemented Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with acupuncture on patients with ulcerative colitis of Large Intestinal Dampness-heat Pattern. Zhong Cheng Yao. 2025; 47:453-457. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Chen Y, Li R, Yuan Y, He H, Yang W, Yuan C, Xiao J, Qin Y, Lian M, Yang Z. Efficacy and safety of Gegen Qinlian decoction combined with mesalazine for the treatment of UC: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025; 104:e42266.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042266"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Liu C, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhu Y, Zou J, Peng S, Le TH, Chen Y, Zhao S, He B, Mi Q, Zhang X, Du Q. Ginsenoside Rd ameliorates colitis by inducing p62-driven mitophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018; 155:366-379.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.07.010"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Wei YY, Fan YM, Ga Y, Zhang YN, Han JC, Hao ZH. Shaoyao decoction attenuates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, macrophage and NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the MKP1\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Phytomedicine. 2021; 92:153743.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153743"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Liu L, Miao ZW, Wei YZ, Bu S, Gu X, Xu Y, Shan ZW. New Baitouweng Decoction alleviated DSS-induced colitis through the FXR\/NLRP3 signaling pathway by regulating gut microbiota and bile acids. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2025; 13:goaf055.","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goaf055"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Li J, Cao J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Zhu M, Yang L, Ouyang W, Ma C. Mechanism study on the treatment of ulcerative colitis by Gegen Qinlian nano-preparation through promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Front Mol Biosci. 2025; 12:1580874.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1580874"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Yang Z, Lin S, Feng W, Liu Y, Song Z, Pan G, Zhang Y, Dai X, Ding X, Chen L, Wang Y. A potential therapeutic target in traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis: Macrophage polarization. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:999179.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.999179"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Hu Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Jia J, Han Z, Wang J. Th17\/Treg imbalance in inflammatory bowel disease: immunological mechanisms and microbiota-driven regulation. Front Immunol. 2025; 16:1651063.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1651063"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Chen L, Ruan G, Cheng Y, Yi A, Chen D, Wei Y. The role of Th17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease and the research progress. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:1055914.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1055914"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Zhao D, Ge A, Yan C, Liu X, Yang K, Yan Y, Hao M, Chen J, Daga P, Dai CC, Li C, Cao H. T helper cell 17\/regulatory T cell balance regulates ulcerative colitis and the therapeutic role of natural plant components: a review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024; 11:1502849.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1502849"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Villablanca EJ, Selin K, Hedin CRH. Mechanisms of mucosal healing: treating inflammatory bowel disease without immunosuppression? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 19:493-507.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00604-y"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Luo Z, Li Z, Liang Z, Wang L, He G, Wang D, Shen L, Wang Z, Ma X, Geng F, Wang H, Liu W, Liu H, Li B. Berberine increases stromal production of Wnt molecules and activates Lgr5(+) stem cells to promote epithelial restitution in experimental colitis. BMC Biol. 2022; 20:287.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01492-z"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Kay SK, Harrington HA, Shepherd S, Brennan K, Dale T, Osborne JM, Gavaghan DJ, Byrne HM. The role of the Hes1 crosstalk hub in Notch-Wnt interactions of the intestinal crypt. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017; 13:e1005400.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005400"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. Meir M, Kannapin F, Diefenbacher M, Ghoreishi Y, Kollmann C, Flemming S, Germer CT, Waschke J, Leven P, Schneider R, Wehner S, Burkard N, Schlegel N. Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Maturation by Enteric Glial Cells Is GDNF-Dependent. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22:1887.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041887"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Santhosh S, Zanoletti L, Stamp LA, Hao MM, Matteoli G. From diversity to disease: unravelling the role of enteric glial cells. Front Immunol. 2024; 15:1408744.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408744"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Zhou M, Chen Y, Jin W, Li P, Hu J, Guo X. Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Promising Treatment Option for Intestinal Fibrosis. Am J Chin Med. 2024; 52:2107-2129.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X24500812"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. Li Y, Xu F, Fang Y, Cui Y, Zhu Z, Wu Y, Tong Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Shen H. Inflammation-fibrosis interplay in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms, progression, and therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol. 2025; 16:1530797.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1530797"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Li P, Xu R, Chen H, Cao S, Xie X, Xu B, Chen Y, Xie X, Yang C, Wang Q, Luo X, Zhou L. The promoting effect of high-fat diet-induced trained immunity on ulcerative colitis and the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of Dahuang Mudan Decoction. Phytomedicine. 2025; 143:156893.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156893"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Zhang J, Lin B, Zhang Y, Hu X, Liu T, Liu EH, Liu S. Baitouweng decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating tryptophan metabolism through DOPA decarboxylase promotion. Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1423307.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1423307"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Jing W, Dong S, Xu Y, Liu J, Ren J, Liu X, Zhu M, Zhang M, Shi H, Li N, Xia P, Lu H, Wang S. Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites regulated by Wuji Wan to attenuate colitis through AhR signaling activation. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025; 15:205-223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.11.009"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Huang J, Zhang J, Wang F, Tang X. Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction modulated the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism and restored the function of goblet cells in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Front Immunol. 2024; 15:1445838.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1445838"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Yang J, Huang Q, Long J, Li J. Microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: the dual effect mechanism of polysaccharide therapy. Front Immunol. 2025; 16:1666866.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1666866"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. G\u00fcnther C, Rothhammer V, Karow M, Neurath M, Winner B. The Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Current and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22:8870.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168870"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64. Ziaka M, Exadaktylos A. Gut-derived immune cells and the gut-lung axis in ARDS. Crit Care. 2024; 28:220.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05006-x"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65. Wang H, Wang Y. What Makes the Gut-Lung Axis Working? From the Perspective of Microbiota and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2024; 2024:8640014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8640014"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66. Wurbel MA, McIntire MG, Dwyer P, Fiebiger E. CCL25\/CCR9 interactions regulate large intestinal inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e16442.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016442"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67. Yu Q, Sun S, Han T, Li H, Yao F, Zong D, Li Z. Investigating the Therapeutic Mechanisms of Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San in Type 2 Diabetes and Ulcerative Colitis Comorbidity: A Network Pharmacology and Molecular Simulation Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025; 18:1516.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101516"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68. Dong Y, He L, Zhu Z, Yang F, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu X. The mechanism of gut-lung axis in pulmonary fibrosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024; 14:1258246.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1258246"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69. Liang SB, Cao HJ, Kong LY, Wei JL, Robinson N, Yang SH, Zhu SJ, Li YQ, Fei YT, Han M, Liu JP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese herbal formula Tongxie Yaofang for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: Evidence for clinical practice and future trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:904657.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.904657"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70. Liang SB, Cheng HJ, Zhang QY, <i>et al.<\/i> Chinese herbal formula Tongxie Yaofang granules for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. BMJ Open. 2025; 15:e088410.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088410"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71. Zhang YB, Wang JF, Wang MX, Peng J, Kong XD, Tian J. Nano-based drug delivery systems for active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine: Harnessing the power of nanotechnology. Front Pharmacol. 2024; 15:1405252.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1405252"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72. Zhao W, Wang B, Li S. Network pharmacology for traditional Chinese medicine in era of artificial intelligence. Chin Herb Med. 2024; 16:558-560.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2024.08.004"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. Wang J, Yao M, Zou J, Ding W, Sun M, Zhuge Y, Gao F. pH-Sensitive Nanoparticles for Colonic Delivery Anti-miR-301a in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023; 13:2797.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13202797"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Hlaing SP, Cao J, Lee J, Kim J, Saparbayeva A, Kwak D, Kim H, Hwang S, Yun H, Moon HR, Jung Y, Yoo JW. Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated PLGA Nanoparticles Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis <i>via<\/i> CD44-Mediated Dual Targeting to Inflamed Colitis Tissue and Macrophages. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14:2118.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102118"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75. Liu C, Gong Q, Liu W, Zhao Y, Yan X, Yang T. Berberine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles alleviate ulcerative colitis by targeting IL-6\/IL-6R axis. J Transl Med. 2024; 22:963.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05682-x"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Mei Z, Li X, Wu Q, Hu S, Yang X. The research on the anti-inflammatory activity and hepatotoxicity of triptolide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle. Pharmacol Res. 2005; 51:345-351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.10.007"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Yan T, Wang Y, Hou Z, Song P, Wang P, Li J, Zheng J, Lv D. A comprehensive overview of triptolide utilizing nanotechnology and its potential applications in prostate diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2025; 16:1592066.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1592066"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78. Chen M, Lan H, Jin K, Chen Y. Responsive nanosystems for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis: Current practices and future perspectives. Drug Deliv. 2023; 30:2219427.","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2023.2219427"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79. Chen W, Xu L, Wang L, Shan YN, Li Y, Zhu JS. Qing-Re-Hua-Shi Decoction ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by modulating multiple signaling pathways and remodeling the gut microbiota and metabolite profile. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025; 15:1541289.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1541289"},{"key":"80","unstructured":"80. Yu G, Cheng W, Tu X, Zhang M, Li H, Nie J. Therapeutic mechanism of Cynanchum wilfordii for ulcerative colitis: an analysis using UPLC-QE-MS, network pharmacology and metabolomics. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2024; 44:1485-1496. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"81. Wu Q, Wu X, Wang M, Liu K, Li Y, Ruan X, Qian L, Meng L, Sun Z, Zhu L, Wu J, Mu G. Therapeutic Mechanism of Baicalin in Experimental Colitis Analyzed Using Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023; 17:1007-1024.","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S399290"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82. Shu X, Cao Y, Wu Y, Chen M, Zhao W, Ji G, Zhang L. Gegen-Qinlian decoction alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by modulating the microbiota-bile acid axis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025; 347:119719.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119719"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83. Liu H, Jin X, Liu S, Liu X, Pei X, Sun K, Li M, Wang P, Chang Y, Wang T, Wang B, Yu XA. Recent advances in self-targeting natural product-based nanomedicines. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025; 23:31.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03092-9"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Fang X, Feng J, Zhu X, Feng D, Zheng L. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles: A new tool for inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer treatment. Mol Ther. 2024; 32:890-909.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.02.021"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85. Fang Y, Min S, Wu Y, Xu F, Chen H, Li Y, Lu Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Shen H. Integration of multi-omics and network pharmacology analysis reveals the mechanism of Qingchang Huashi Jianpi Bushen formula in repairing the epithelial barrier of ulcerative colitis. J Inflamm Res. 2025; 18:6167-6189.","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S510966"}],"container-title":["Drug Discoveries &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ddt\/20\/2\/20_2026.01010\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T03:28:35Z","timestamp":1779506915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ddt\/20\/2\/20_2026.01010\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/ddt.2026.01010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1881-7831","1881-784X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1881-7831","type":"print"},{"value":"1881-784X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"2026.01010"}}