{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:17:36Z","timestamp":1776763056019,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:bold> To determine risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and describe MDR-TB according to three characteristics: previous TB disease, recent transmission of MDR-TB, and reactivation of latent MDR-TB infection.<jats:bold>SETTING and DESIGN:<\/jats:bold> We used 2011\u20132016\n surveillance data from the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and National Tuberculosis Genotyping Service and used logistic regression models to estimate risk factors associated with MDR-TB.<jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> A total of 615\/45\u2009209 (1.4%) cases were confirmed as MDR-TB; 111\/615\n (18%) reported previous TB disease; 41\/615 (6.7%) were attributed to recent MDR-TB transmission; and 449\/615 (73%) to reactivation. Only 12\/41 (29%) patients with TB attributed to recent transmission were known to be contacts of someone with MDR-TB. For non-US-born patients, the adjusted odds\n ratios of having MDR-TB were 32.6 (95%CI 14.6\u201372.6) among those who were known to be contacts of someone with MDR-TB and 6.5 (95%CI 5.1\u20138.3) among those who had had previous TB disease.<jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> The majority of MDR-TB cases in the United States were associated with\n previous TB disease or reactivation of latent MDR-TB infection; only a small proportion of MDR-TB cases were associated with recent transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:25:17Z","timestamp":1580516717000},"page":"92-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States, 2011\u20132016: patient characteristics and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M. P.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Miramontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"Kammerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2020\/00000024\/00000001\/art00014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T23:55:23Z","timestamp":1581724523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.19.0173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20200101)24:1L.92;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.19.0173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}}}