{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:19:02Z","timestamp":1784816342068,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchogenic carcinoma, smoking can also cause interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) such as respiratory bronchiolitis (RB), RB with ILD (RB\u2010ILD), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), Langerhans cell granulomatosis\n (LCG) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\u2010usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF\u2010UIP). However, smoking seems to have a protective effect against hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), sarcoidosis and organising pneumonia (OP). High\u2010resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has a pivotal\n role in the differential diagnosis. RB is extremely frequent in smokers, and is considered a marker for smoking exposure. It has no clinical relevance in itself since most patients with RB are asymptomatic. It is frequent to observe the association of RB with other smoking-related diseases,\n such as LCG or pulmonary neoplasms. In RB\u2010ILD, HRCT features are more conspicuous and diffuse than in RB, but there is no definite cut\u2010off between the two entities and any distinction can only be made by integrating imaging and clinical data. RB, RB\u2010ILD and DIP may represent\n different degrees of the same pathological process, consisting in a bronchiolar and alveolar inflammatory reaction to smoking. Smoking is also a well\u2010known risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis. Multidisciplinary discussion and follow\u2010up can generally solve even the most difficult\n cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T14:25:25Z","timestamp":1613658325000},"page":"106-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High\u2010resolution CT in smoking\u2010related interstitial lung diseases"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Carlicchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduated School in Radiodiagnostic, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Caminati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare. Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Milan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Fughelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio Interaziendale di Anatomia Patologica, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Onco-ematologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Harari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare. Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Milan,\n Department of Medical Sciences, San Giuseppe Hospital MultiMedica IRCCS and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zompatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostica per Immagini, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2021\/00000025\/00000002\/art00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T04:40:12Z","timestamp":1616560812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.20.0622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20210201)25:2L.106;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.20.0622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}