{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:36:46Z","timestamp":1754397406629},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:bold> To assess the levels and predictors of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) in Karachi, Pakistan.<jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> A total of 1629 households were selected\n through multistage cluster sampling in a community\u2010based cross\u2010sectional survey. Formaldehyde, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CO levels were measured using YesAir Indoor air monitor and for PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, UCB\u2010PATS (University of California Berkeley Particle and Temperature Sensor)\n was used. Clusters were classified either as planned (areas of planned housing) or unplanned (informal settlements).<jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> We found the median concentrations to be as follows: formaldehyde, 0.03 ppm (IQR 0.00\u20130.090); CO, 0.00 ppm (IQR 0.00\u20131.00); NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 0\n ppm (IQR 0.00\u20130.00) and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, 0.278 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (IQR 0.162\u20130.526). We found a significant association of the upper quartiles of formaldehyde and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels with type of cluster. The risk of obtaining formaldehyde and PM2.5 levels in the upper quartile\n was higher in unplanned clusters than in planned clusters (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 33.0, 95% CI 4.02\u2013271.5 and aOR 0.10, 95% CI 0.001\u20130.16, respectively). No significant association was observed between levels of CO and cluster type (aOR 0.84, 95%CI 0.62\u20131.14).<jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold>\n This study reports high levels of indoor air pollutants in Karachi, with considerable variation across planned vs. unplanned clusters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T14:25:25Z","timestamp":1613658325000},"page":"113-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Indoor air quality and its relationship with cluster type in urban Pakistani households"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"A. A.","family":"Nafees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Academy, Qassim Health Cluster, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Razzaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Minai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universal Quality Solutions Inc, Mississauga, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMH Institute of Medical Sciences, Bahawalpur"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Fatmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Burney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2021\/00000025\/00000002\/art00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T04:40:03Z","timestamp":1616560803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.20.0761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20210201)25:2L.113;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.20.0761","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}