{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:21:37Z","timestamp":1781306497267,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diseases due to pathogenic mycobacteria cause significant health and economic impact on humans worldwide. Although mycobacterial diseases primarily affect the lungs, the involvement of extrapulmonary organs has also gained ground, particularly among individuals with co\u2010existing\n medical conditions. Besides <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> complex organisms, non\u2010tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are also known to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases. Primary and disseminated extrapulmonary mycobacterial infections affect the brain, eye, mouth, tongue, lymph\n nodes of the neck, spine, bones, muscles, skin, pleura, pericardium, gastro\u2010intestinal, peritoneum and genito\u2010urinary system. The clinical presentation of extrapulmonary mycobacterial diseases, including systemic symptoms, of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected cases and NTM\u2010infected\n cases is similar. Moreover, extrapulmonary mycobacterial diseases are complicated by the involvement of diverse bacterial species as aetiological agents. Culture and molecular techniques are used to differentiate NTM from <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> and to classify sub\u2010species\n of the pathogens. As sub\u2010speciation and drug susceptibility profiling are critical factors in treating extrapulmonary NTM diseases, there are often significant delays in initiating treatment and customising the therapeutic regimen. Here, we summarise the clinical symptoms of NTM diseases\n in various extrapulmonary organs, and discuss the recent trends in diagnosing and treating these diseases. We also highlight the complications associated with the management of extrapulmonary NTM disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T09:42:09Z","timestamp":1620812529000},"page":"340-349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Gopalaswamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Subbian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India, Department of Microbiology, Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre, Bhopal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Padmapriyadarsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, ICMR, NIRT, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2021\/00000025\/00000005\/art00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T09:42:24Z","timestamp":1620812544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.21.0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20210501)25:5L.340;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.21.0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}}}