{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1792423756974,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;\/title&gt;Optimal TB care and control requires improved health education and effective patient counselling. Effective counselling is a lengthy process that requires addressing all questions related to TB transmission, risk, the disease process,\n prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. We evaluated the quality of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot responses, compared to global expert opinion.&lt;\/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;METHODS&lt;\/title&gt;We configured an AI chatbot (TB counselling assistant [TBCA]) based on GPT-4.\n It was designed to draw information from reputable TB guidelines and tasked to provide educational responses. We tested the TBCA on 39 questions frequently asked by people with TB and their caregivers. Responses were appraised for quality by global TB experts using a modified Delphi consensus\n approach.&lt;\/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;RESULTS&lt;\/title&gt;Ninety-four experts were invited to participate, of whom 91 (96.8%) participated. Overall, the TBCA provided accurate answers to questions in all relevant domains, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention,\n diagnosis, and treatment, as well as special considerations in vulnerable populations, while citing its information sources. When appropriate, it consistently directed the individual to seek advice from an appropriate health care provider. At times, the information provided was out of date\n (e.g., the definition of multidrug-resistant TB). It also struggled to distinguish diagnostic tests for TB infection and disease.&lt;\/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;\/title&gt;Large language models can provide accurate responses to general TB questions, but the information\n provided may be out of date, or lack context. Although the advice provided was generally safe and helpful, health care professionals remain crucial to ensure advice is up to date and appropriate to the individual\u2019s unique circumstances.&lt;\/sec&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.25.0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T04:35:43Z","timestamp":1756528543000},"page":"390-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial intelligence for TB education and counselling: a modified Delphi consensus"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"J.N.","family":"Ngiam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.C.Y.","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"D\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani-IRCCS, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.T.","family":"Denholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.W.","family":"Akkerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Centis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.T.","family":"Dinh-Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Function and Respiratory Physiology Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Assistance Publique \u2013 H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, University Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pontali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.M.","family":"Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.L.","family":"Garcia-Basteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Saude de Manhi\u00e7a, Maputo, Mozambique;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.S.","family":"Schaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.B.","family":"Migliori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.W.M.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore;, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,\n National University of Singapore, Singapore;, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2025\/00000029\/00000009\/art00002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T04:35:44Z","timestamp":1756528544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.25.0086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20250829)29:9L.390;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.25.0086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}