{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:49:31Z","timestamp":1769971771746,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["int j tuberc lung dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"abstract":"\n <sec><title>BACKGROUND<\/title>Transmission of\n Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n often occurs in the community before diagnosis of TB is made. To measure the force of infection in an African city with endemic TB, we conducted a prospective cohort study of adults\n in Kampala, Uganda, to estimate the incidence of\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection.<\/sec><sec><title>METHODS<\/title>Consenting volunteers with both a negative interferon-\u03b3 release assay (IGRA) and a negative tuberculin skin test were enrolled and followed\n for 18 months with quarterly IGRAs. New\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection was defined as IGRA conversion and further classified by sustained positive assays after conversion.<\/sec><sec><title>RESULTS<\/title>In 998 eligible adults, the median age was 26 years,\n 61% were women, 62% had received bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination, 12% were HIV-infected, and 25% drank alcohol. The overall annual risk of\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection was 3.3%. Older age, male sex, and drinking alcohol outside the home were associated with an increased risk\n of incident\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection (rate ratio: 3.7).<\/sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION<\/title>This prospective cohort study found a high rate of annual TB infection in an African city with endemic TB, especially among older men who drank alcohol outside\n the home. Screening for\n M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n among men in the community could lead to novel case-finding interventions.<\/sec>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.25.0299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:31:13Z","timestamp":1769833873000},"page":"70-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of\n Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n infection in an African city with endemic TB"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.T.","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kakaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, City Hall, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J P.","family":"Jingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Nalukwago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Chervenak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.H.","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.C.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.M.","family":"Bark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","container-title":["The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/iuatld\/ijtld\/2026\/00000030\/00000002\/art00005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:31:18Z","timestamp":1769920278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.5588\/ijtld.25.0299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}},"alternative-id":["1027-3719(20260130)30:2L.70;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.25.0299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1027-3719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1027-3719","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}}}