{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T14:37:48Z","timestamp":1768574268772,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TB and helminth infections are co-endemic in many parts of the world. This has led to the hypothesis that immunomodulation due to helminth infections could adversely affect the ability to control\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Anti-helminthic treatment has been associated with improved anti-mycobacterial cellular responses and decreases in the frequency of regulatory T-cells. We therefore investigated how control of mycobacterial growth and anti-mycobacterial immune responses are modulated in helminth and TB co-infected individuals using a mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Migrants with eosinophilia or suspected\/diagnosed helminth infection and\/or TB infection (TBI) were recruited when attending University College London Hospitals (London, UK) and followed up after completing anti-helminthic treatment. Mycobacterial growth inhibition was assessed using the BACTEC\u2122 MGIT\u2122 system after 72 hours of co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) or\n                      <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Erdman.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-helminthic treatment reduced total and helminth-specific antibodies in helminth-infected and TBI\u2013helminth co-infected individuals. Helminth-infected individuals displayed lower growth inhibition in the MGIA than those without helminth infections, and mycobacterial growth inhibition improved after anti-helminthic treatment. Blocking interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) improved mycobacterial growth inhibition, while blocking interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) did not alter growth inhibition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infection with helminths such as\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. may reduce the ability to control mycobacterial growth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.24.0528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:31:16Z","timestamp":1744245076000},"page":"217-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of helminth co-infection and 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