{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:46:37Z","timestamp":1768531597344,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TB persists because\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>M. tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is transmitted through unknown community contact networks. This transmission occurs in culturally relevant settings as infectious cases go about their daily lives. We performed a prospective cohort study in Kampala, Uganda, to estimate incident TB infection (TBI) and relate it to time spent in a broad array of settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective cohort study of 1,275 adult residents without TBI, we measured cumulative incidence of infection at 1 year using the tuberculin skin test. We measured time spent in community settings using a validated questionnaire and related settings to incident infection using Poisson regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The settings visited by participants varied by weekday and sex. Participants spent most of their time at home or work regardless of the weekday. New infection with\n                      <jats:italic>M. tb<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with worship centres, schools, and homes of relatives or friends, though these effects were modified by day of the week, categorised as weekday or weekend.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social settings, such as schools or worship centres, may be appropriate sites to screen for TB. Community-based interventions to control TB should consider age, sex, and day of the week to reduce gaps in coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T11:08:01Z","timestamp":1765796881000},"page":"745-750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Culturally relevant settings for TB transmission in an African city with endemic TB"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"T.H.T.","family":"Quach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kakaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.N.","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.C.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0439ED","article-title":"The replacement principle of tuberculosis. Why prevention matters","volume":"194","author":"Whalen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae200","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae200","article-title":"M. tuberculosis infection attributable to exposure in social networks of tuberculosis cases in an urban African community","volume":"11","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galiwango R , The role of community networks in the transmission and persistence of M. tuberculosis in Urban Africa with endemic tuberculosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2025:ofaf671.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf671"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08998-7","article-title":"Defining adequate contact for transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an African urban environment","volume":"20","author":"Castellanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.24.0376","article-title":"Performance of a score to characterise adequate contact among the social network of persons with TB","volume":"1","author":"Castellanos","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.23.0403","article-title":"Incidence of tuberculous infection in a TB-endemic city","volume":"28","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124119826150","article-title":"Validation of a pictorial survey tool to measure time use in an African Urban setting","volume":"50","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol Method Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"49","author":"Cohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039246"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2023.04.017","article-title":"Involving religious organizations in improving TB medication adherence","volume":"71","author":"Manurung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3438","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1556","article-title":"Excess risk of tuberculosis infection among extra-household contacts of tuberculosis cases in an African city","volume":"73","author":"Kakaire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15332-9"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx025"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132840"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203517109"},{"key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026011502221725000_2.12.745.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13333","article-title":"Where is tuberculosis transmission happening? Insights from the literature, new tools to study transmission and implications for the elimination of tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Auld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:24:46Z","timestamp":1768472686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.theunion.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0275","relation":{},"ISSN":["3005-7590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-7590","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}