{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:55:28Z","timestamp":1781546128291,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TB remains a public health challenge in Chile, where all bacteriologically confirmed TB cases are tested for drug susceptibility at the National Reference Laboratory of the Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica (ISP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the impact of implementing universal surveillance for rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in Chile and described resistance profiles and epidemiological factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrospective analysis of drug susceptibility testing (DST) results from\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultures processed at the ISP between 2003 and 2020. DST was performed using line probe assays and mycobacteria growth indicator tube liquid culture. Demographic and clinical data were analysed, and a negative binomial regression model assessed changes before and after universal surveillance in 2014 (2003\u20132014 vs. 2015\u20132020).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 44,800 isolates analysed, 911 had first-line resistance to isoniazid or rifampicin: 377 showed isoniazid monoresistance, 155 rifampicin monoresistance, 378 multidrug resistance, and one extensively drug-resistant case. Detection of resistant cases increased after universal surveillance (incidence rate ratio = 3.592,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Resistance was most frequent in men aged 16\u201364 and in the central macrozone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Universal surveillance improved detection of drug-resistant TB in Chile, supporting its value for timely treatment adaptation and targeted public health strategies, especially in high-risk demographic and geographic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:26:41Z","timestamp":1781544401000},"page":"384-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistance to anti-TB drugs: evaluation of universal resistance surveillance implementation in Chile"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"G.N.","family":"Barra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Oyarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.K.","family":"Ivani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1.D.","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.M.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.L.","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.M.","family":"Juica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Bord\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.A.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3554","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzgerald D , Sterling T , Haas D . Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2010, pp. 3129-3163.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06839-3.00250-2"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Microbiolog\u00eda de la tuberculosis","volume":"30","author":"Dorronsoro","year":"2007","journal-title":"An del Sist Sanit Navar"},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000171"},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.4","unstructured":"CDC . About tuberculosis. Atlanta, GA, USA: CDC, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.5","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (Chile) . Manual de procedimientos para atenci\u00f3n primaria del programa nacional para el control y eliminaci\u00f3n de la tuberculosis. Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de Salud, 2016, p. 74."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.6","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (Chile) . Manual operativo: implementaci\u00f3n del GeneXpert MTB\/RIF en el programa de tuberculosis programa de control y eliminaci\u00f3n de la tuberculosis. Santiago, Chile: Departamento de epidemiolog\u00eda del ministerio de salud, 2017, p. 25."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.7","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (Chile) . Manual de organizaci\u00f3n y procedimientos del programa nacional de control y eliminaci\u00f3n de la tuberculosis. Santiago, Chile: Ministerio de Salud, 2015."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux011"},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.9","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (Chile) . Tuberculosis. EPI \u2013 departamento de epidemiologia. 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Tuberculosis en las Am\u00e9ricas. Informe regional 2021. Washington, DC, USA: Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud, 2022."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.16","unstructured":"WHO Global Lists of High Burden Countries for Tuberculosis (TB) . TB\/HIV and multidrug\/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR\/RR-TB), 2021-2025: background document. 1st ed. Geneva: WHO, 2021."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.17","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization . Bolivia - country profile. Washington, DC, USA: Pan American Health Organization, 2024. https:\/\/hia.paho.org\/en\/country-profiles\/bolivia."},{"key":"2026061510263668000_3.6.384.18","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud (Chile), Subsecretar\u00eda de Salud P\u00fablica, Divisi\u00f3n de Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades . Norma t\u00e9cnica para el control y la eliminaci\u00f3n de la tuberculosis. 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