{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1776265811570,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to quantify the potential impact of private sector engagement on the equity of spatial accessibility to TB services in Lima, Peru.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method to calculate census spatial accessibility indices for access to health facilities providing clinical evaluation, sputum testing, or chest radiography in two districts. We compared different hypothetical interventions of engaging private facilities to a baseline including only public facilities. We defined an equity-promoting intervention as one that improves the median spatial accessibility index while decreasing the interquartile range (IQR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis included 22 public and 38 private facilities. For clinical evaluation and sputum testing, which are universally available in public facilities, neither broad nor targeted private sector engagement would have substantial impact on the IQR of the spatial accessibility index in either district. For radiography services, which are limited in public facilities, we identified equity-promoting private sector engagement interventions that would increase median spatial accessibility by 8%\u201328% while reducing the IQR by 1%\u201326%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted private sector engagement can sometimes promote equity in spatial accessibility to TB services. An E2SFCA analysis provides an objective approach to identifying equity-promoting engagement interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:13:10Z","timestamp":1776262390000},"page":"241-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A structured approach to promote equity in spatial accessibility to TB services during private sector engagement"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Millones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.-C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Zavala-Abriojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.R.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.E.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.M.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100171","article-title":"Quality of tuberculosis care in the private health sector","volume":"20","author":"Stallworthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global programme on tuberculosis and lung health. Engaging private health care providers in TB care and prevention: a landscape analysis. Geneva: WHO, 2022."},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.02.015"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023002","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2023002","article-title":"Evaluation of the accessibility and its equity of the national public-private mix program for tuberculosis in Korea: a multilevel analysis","volume":"45","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.23.0460","article-title":"Impact of the private sector on spatial accessibility to chest radiography services in Lima, Peru","volume":"1","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-023-00358-z","article-title":"Gravity models for potential spatial healthcare access measurement: a systematic methodological review","volume":"22","author":"Stacherl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2016.1164775","article-title":"Population-level spatial access to prehospital care by the national ambulance service in Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Tansley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2022.100544","article-title":"Extending floating catchment area methods to estimate future hospital bed capacity requirements","volume":"43","author":"Fowler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0047","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of health resource reconstruction on improving spatial accessibility of tuberculosis care","volume":"20","author":"Izumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2009.06.002"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.11","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: WHO, 2024."},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.12","unstructured":"National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). Living conditions in Peru: technical report [Condiciones de vida en el Per\u00fa: informe t\u00e9cnico]. Lima, Peru: INE, 2025. Report No.: 2. https:\/\/m.inei.gob.pe\/media\/MenuRecursivo\/boletines\/informe-tecnico_condicionesdevida_ene-feb-mar2025.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0096","article-title":"Socioeconomic and behavioral factors associated with tuberculosis diagnostic delay in Lima, Peru","volume":"98","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09707-0","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to tuberculosis diagnosis in Lima, Peru: a mixed methods study","volume":"24","author":"Geadas","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0504","article-title":"Exploring the role of the private sector in tuberculosis detection and management in Lima, Peru: a mixed-methods patient pathway analysis","volume":"111","author":"Wippel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050681","article-title":"Private sector engagement for tuberculosis services in Latin America: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"de Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.17","first-page":"391","article-title":"[Innovation in the organization of health services delivery within the Metropolitan system of solidarity in Peru]","volume":"33","author":"Arroyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.18","unstructured":"National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). Final results of the 2017 national census [Resultados definitivos de los censos nacionales 2017]. Lima, Peru: INEI, 2018. https:\/\/censo2017.inei.gob.pe\/resultados-definitivos-de-los-censos-nacionales-2017\/."},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai T , Impact of the presence of private hospitals on the spatial equality of healthcare accessibility in Beijing, China. Geospat Health. 2022;17(2).","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2022.1157"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02399-1","article-title":"Empowering access: unveiling an overall composite spatial accessibility index to healthcare services in Southeastern Iran","volume":"24","author":"Raeesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.21","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2024."},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614466","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.614466","article-title":"Rising catastrophic expenditure on households due to tuberculosis: is India moving away from the END-TB goal?","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01196-2","article-title":"Is convenience really king? Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam: a longitudinal patient cost study","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.24","first-page":"55","article-title":"Inequalities in health care use and expenditures: empirical data from eight developing countries and countries in transition","volume":"78","author":"Makinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.03.009","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors impacting the spatial distribution of private dental clinics in major cities of Peoples Republic of China","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.031","article-title":"Geographic accessibility to health facilities predicts uptake of community-based tuberculosis screening in an urban setting","volume":"120","author":"Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.22.0055"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008661"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01841-6"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czm007"},{"key":"2026041507130565000_3.4.241.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-5","article-title":"Equity and the sun quality health private provider social franchise: comparative analysis of patient survey data and a nationally representative TB prevalence survey","volume":"12","author":"Montagu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"}],"container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0599","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:13:16Z","timestamp":1776262396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.theunion.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtldopen.25.0599","relation":{},"ISSN":["3005-7590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-7590","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}