{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:50:24Z","timestamp":1791953424426,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJTLD Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In many high-TB-burden settings, most people seek initial care from private providers who are often not integrated into national TB programmes. Public\u2013private mix (PPM) strategies are therefore critical, yet difficult to operationalise. Communities of Practice (CoPs) can act as health system enablers and facilitate knowledge exchange, but empirical evidence on their long-term function in disease specific contexts is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a mixed-methods descriptive analysis of the TBPPM Learning Network (LN) from 2019 to 2025. Quantitative data from routine platform analytics were triangulated with thematic analysis of 53 webinars and 9 Friday Forum topics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LN engaged over 6,000 TB professionals across more than 130 countries, with over 75% from low- and middle-income countries. It adapted rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic, strengthened South\u2013South exchange, and supported leadership development among frontline implementers. Six key lessons were identified, including the importance of sustained facilitation, community-building, and adaptability, alongside persistent challenges in translating learning into action in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A global virtual CoP can function as a scalable mechanism to support knowledge translation, capacity strengthening, and collaboration in complex TB health systems, but sustained investment is required to translate learning into policy and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.26.0246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1791952181000},"page":"632-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A global community of practice to improve public\u2013private engagement in TB: the TBPPM Learning Network"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Heitkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sheokand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.S.","family":"Klinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Yellappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Putturaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ananthakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Akinrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3554","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2025. Geneva: WHO, 2025."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Public\u2013private mix for TB prevention and care: a roadmap. Geneva: WHO, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21806-4","article-title":"Engaging private providers to enhance tuberculosis detection and notification: evidence from TB REACH-supported projects","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Public-Private Mix (PPM) data dashboards for enhanced action and accountability to end TB. Geneva: WHO, 2024."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.5","unstructured":"Joint Learning Network . Home page. https:\/\/jointlearningnetwork.org\/."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.6","unstructured":"South to South Learning Network . Welcome to South to South Learning Network. https:\/\/www.hivinterchange.com\/."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.7","unstructured":"Community Health Impact Coalition . Because CHWs work. https:\/\/joinchic.org\/."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.8","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . About us. https:\/\/www.tbppm.org\/page\/about-tbppm."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.9","unstructured":"Burr LJ . The nature of interaction within an online computer mediated environment. Master\u2019s thesis. Wagga Wagga, NSW Charles Sturt University, 2003."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.10","unstructured":"Dawson S , Winslett G , Burr L . Toward a quantitative analysis of online communities. In: Wells I , eds. Online Learning and Teaching (OLT) 2004 conference proceedings: exploring integrated learning environments. Brisbane, QLD: Queensland University of Technology, 2004, pp. 37-43."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.11","unstructured":"McGill University . Engaging all health providers to End TB: Public-Private Mix (PPM). Montreal, QC: McGill University, 2025."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.12","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . Involvement of private doctors by village adoption model in Koppal District in India. Montreal, QC: TB PPM Learning Network, 2020. https:\/\/www.tbppm.org\/page\/village-adoption-in-koppal."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.13","first-page":"100277","article-title":"One year of COVID-19 and its impact on private provider engagement for TB: a rapid assessment of intermediary NGOs in seven high TB burden countries","volume":"25","author":"Klinton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.14","first-page":"100248","article-title":"Facility-based directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis during COVID-19: a community perspective","volume":"24","author":"Zimmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-217529"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0682","article-title":"Engaging private pharmacies to help end TB in India","volume":"26","author":"Gandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00217-3","article-title":"Diagnostics to support the scaling up of shorter, safer tuberculosis regimens","volume":"4","author":"Branigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.18","unstructured":"Klinton JS , Engage, equip and empower all health workers to end TB. San Francisco, CA: PLOS Global Public Health\/PLOS, 2023. https:\/\/speakingofmedicine.plos.org\/2023\/04\/03\/engage-equip-and-empower-all-health-workers-to-end-tb\/."},{"issue":"10411","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01379-X","article-title":"Scientific advances and the end of tuberculosis: a report from the Lancet Commission on tuberculosis","volume":"402","author":"Reid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.20","unstructured":"Heitkamp P , Yassin M . Engaging the private sector is vital to ending TB. Washington, DC: Devex, 2023. https:\/\/www.devex.com\/news\/opinion-engaging-the-private-sector-is-vital-to-ending-tb-104936."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015212"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2024.100506","article-title":"Maximizing tuberculosis services through private provider engagement \u2013 a case study from Pakistan","volume":"39","author":"Rashid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016180"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.24","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . Infographic for pharmacies. Montreal, QC: TB PPM Learning Network, 2022. https:\/\/www.tbppm.org\/page\/infographic-for-pharmacies."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.25","unstructured":"Treatment Action Group . Getting better faster: delivering on the promise of new TB treatments \u2013 a report from the 1\/4\/6\u00d724 campaign. New York, NY: Treatment Action Group, 2024. https:\/\/www.treatmentactiongroup.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/146_report_final.pdf."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.26","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . Infographic on cough management: now in 21 languages!. Montreal, QC: TBPPM Learning Network, 2024. https:\/\/www.tbppm.org\/page\/infographic-for-pharmacies."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.27","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . Virtual PPM field visits. Montreal, QC: TB PPM Learning Network, 2023."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2024.100419","article-title":"Building a virtual community of practice \u2013 the evolution of the TBPPM learning network, India chapter","volume":"35","author":"Yellappa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.29","unstructured":"TBPPM Learning Network . Fostering communities of practice though TBPPM Learning Network: insights from evaluation of India and Nigeria Country Chapters. Montreal, QC: TB PPM Learning Network, 2024. https:\/\/www.tbppm.org\/news\/2276455\/."},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2023.100369","article-title":"Partnering with the private laboratories to strengthen TB diagnostics in Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013104"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanprc.2025.100056","article-title":"Integration of tuberculosis services within primary health care: converting challenges into opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Pai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Prim Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004824","article-title":"From dependence to self-reliance: the future of the global tuberculosis response","volume":"22","author":"Heitkamp","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026101321293682000_3.10.632.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberg R . Building community. 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