{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:10:55Z","timestamp":1772007055709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["public health action"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SETTING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Papua New Guinea is a high-burden multidrug-resistant TB (MDR\/RR-TB) country that reports low rates of bacteriological confirmation. Sputum drug susceptibility testing for second-line drugs is important. Access to culture is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence of mycobacterial sputum sample culture contamination and determine factors associated with contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of data from a TB diagnostic accuracy study that used culture as the diagnostic reference standard. Data included characteristics of people with presumptive pulmonary TB who provided sputum, sputum quality and culture results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sputum (1\u20133 samples) was collected from 174 adults. The median age was 33 years (IQR 24\u201347). Of 337 samples sent for culture, 28% were contaminated. Contamination was strongly associated with samples self-collected by participants outside clinic hours (aOR 5.69; 95% CI 2.62\u201312.38). Contamination risk increased with delays in shipping to the reference laboratory (aOR 1.19 per day, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.29) beyond the minimum 3 days. Contamination was less frequent among people aged 35\u201344 years compared to 18\u201324 years (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.73). Sputum quality was not associated with culture contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Culture contamination could be reduced using spot sputum collection, expedited submission to laboratories and faster shipping when required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.24.0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T23:31:51Z","timestamp":1733182311000},"page":"152-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sputum culture contamination and associated characteristics in a diagnostic clinical trial, Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.5588","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"ND.","family":"Tenakanai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.K.","family":"Banamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Simbil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Globan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Penn-Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"du Cros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3554","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026011408414672000_14.4.152.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report, 2023. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2023."},{"key":"2026011408414672000_14.4.152.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Tuberculosis Profile: Papua New Guinea, 2022 data. 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