{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:00:26Z","timestamp":1782417626389,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"STEF92 Technology","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought is a complex weather and climate-related phenomenon with significant ecological and socioeconomic consequences. In light of the increasing severity and frequency of droughts in Europe in recent years, this study focuses on assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of drought in Bulgaria during the period 2014-2022. To achieve this, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is calculated at different time scales (1, 3, and 6 months) for both the country's territory and individual municipalities using software recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. The spatiotemporal analysis is performed in the QGIS environment, utilizing the Ordinary Kriging method for spatial interpolation and the Zonal Statistics tool to calculate selected statistical features at the municipality level. Additionally, area-averaged values are extracted from all raster layers, forming time series spanning the period 2014-2022, which are used for further statistical analysis. The study reveals several drought events, with the most significant occurrence in 2019-2020, affecting 60-80% of the country's territory during certain months. However, the considered period is characterized by normal and wet conditions. The results also show that several municipalities in the western and southeastern regions of the country are particularly vulnerable to severe and extreme droughts. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating different spatial and time scales in drought monitoring and analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5593\/sgem2023\/4.1\/s19.31","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T06:08:15Z","timestamp":1697090895000},"page":"245-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT IN BULGARIA IN RECENT YEARS THROUGH THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX"],"prefix":"10.5593","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Radoslav","family":"Evgeniev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krastina","family":"Malcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Marinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Chervenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Bocheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology","place":["Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3602","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] Karavitis C.A., Alexandris S., Tsesmelis D.E., Athanasopoulos G., Application of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Greece, Water 3(3), pp 787-805, 2011, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w3030787","DOI":"10.3390\/w3030787"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] Chiang F., Mazdiyasni O., AghaKouchak A., Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity, Nature Communications 12, 2754, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22314-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22314-w"},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] Wilhite D.A., Glantz M.H., Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions, Water International 10(3), pp. 111-120, 1985, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02508068508686328","DOI":"10.1080\/02508068508686328"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Vicente-Serrano S.M., Begueria S., et al., Performance of drought indices for ecological, agricultural, and hydrological applications, Earth Interactions 16, pp. 1-27, 2012, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1175\/2012EI000434.1","DOI":"10.1175\/2012EI000434.1"},{"key":"ref=5","unstructured":"[5] European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Cammalleri C., Naumann G., Mentaschi L.et al., Global warming and drought impacts in the EU \ufffd JRC PESETA IV project: Task 7, Publications Office, 2020, https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2760\/597045"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Mardian J., The role of spatial scale in drought monitoring and early warning systems: a review, Environmental Reviews 30(3), pp. 438-459, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/er-2021-0102","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2021-0102"},{"key":"ref=7","unstructured":"[7] McKee T.B., Doesken N.J., Kliest J., The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales, In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, 17\ufffd22 January, Anaheim, CA, 1993, American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA, pp 179-184, http:\/\/ccc.atmos.colostate.edu\/relationshipofdroughtfrequency.pdf"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Lloyd-Hughes B., Saunders M.A., A drought climatology for Europe, International Journal of Climatology 22(13), pp 1571-1592, 2002, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.846","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.846"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] Vicente-Serrano S.M., Differences in Spatial Patterns of Drought on Different Time Scales: An Analysis of the Iberian Peninsula. Water Resources Management 20, pp. 37- 60, 2006, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11269-006-2974-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-2974-8"},{"key":"ref=10","unstructured":"[10] World Meteorological Organization, Standardized Precipitation Index User Guide. [M. Svoboda, M. Hayes and D. Wood], WMO-No. 1090, ISBN 978-92-63-11091-6, 2012, 16 p., https:\/\/library.wmo.int\/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=13682"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Garcia-Herrera R., Garrido-Perez J.M., Barriopedro D., Ordonez C., Vicente- Serrano S.M., Nieto R., Gimeno L., Sori R., Yiou P., The European 2016\/17 Drought, Journal of Climate 32(11), pp. 3169-3187, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-18- 0331.1","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0331.1"},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Spinoni J., Barbosa P., De Jager A., McCormick N., Naumann G., Vogt J.V., Magni D., Masante, D., Mazzeschi, M., A New Global Database of Meteorological Drought Events from 1951 to 2016, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 22, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrh.2019.100593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2019.100593"},{"key":"ref=13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Cammalleri C., Acosta Navarro J.C., Bavera D., Diaz V., Di Ciollo C., Maetens W., Magni D., Masante D., Spinoni J., Toreti A., An event-oriented database of meteorological droughts in Europe based on spatio-temporal clustering, Scientific Reports 13(1), pp. 1-9, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-30153-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30153-6"}],"event":{"name":"23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023","theme":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","location":"Albena, Bulgaria","acronym":"SGEM2023","number":"23","sponsor":["SGEM WORLD SCIENCE (SWS) Scholarly Society, Austria"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]]}},"container-title":["SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference\ufffd EXPO Proceedings","23rd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2023, Energy and Clean Technologies, Vol 23, Issue 4.1"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1782415640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epslibrary.at\/items\/41bf282e-fdc9-4ceb-bbbe-12f66ddc5d43\/assessment-of-drought-in-bulgaria-in-recent-years-through-the-standardized-precipitation-i"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":13,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5593\/sgem2023\/4.1\/s19.31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2704"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2704","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}