{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:01:06Z","timestamp":1782417666952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"STEF92 Technology","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Camilo Ponce Enriquez is in the southwest coastal zone of Ecuador, and it is surrounded by 4 river basins (Gala, Tenguel, Siete and Pagua) with an area of 1,780 km2. Mining has been the main economic activity since 1980 and is classified as Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Activity. However, since 2000s there is evidence of contamination by heavy metals in water and sediments due to irregular mining practices and inefficiency environmental\ufffds regulations. Despite the evidence, there are not enough scientific studies, and few reports are published about chemistry and contamination. The study goal is to analyze 333 river sediments samples taken from the four river basins, using geostatistical and geochemical methods, to determinate possible correlations and associations between contaminant elements. Samples were analyzed for 35 elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Te, Ti, Tl, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr). The elements results were studied using univariate statistical methods, Spearman's Ordinal Correlation, factor analysis using PCA, and cluster analysis using Ward\ufffds method. The results evidence nine elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Sc, Ti and V) with significant correlations (r ? 0.5). The strongest correlation is V-Fe (0.91), followed by V-Ti, Ni-Co and Ni-Cr and Sc-Co (r ? 0.8). The correlation in the V, Fe, Ni, Cr elements are related with orthomagmatic deposits. Also, V and Ti are related to titanium and iron oxides mainly in mafic deposits, which could be associated with the Pallatanga Fm. The factor analysis identified five groups of elements that are comparable to the Goldschmidt classification, where the groups are related with arsenopyrite, oxy-hydroxides, mafic and porphyry deposits. The cluster analysis revealed four groups, where the spatial distribution matched with the contamination level areas in the Siete, Tenguel and Gala River basins. The results provide an environmental baseline against which the impacts of anthropogenic activities (including mining) may be assessed. A basis for the formulation of sediment quality criteria and for the identification of natural geochemical hazards is also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5593\/sgem2024\/1.1\/s01.09","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T12:26:12Z","timestamp":1733315172000},"page":"61-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASINS OF THE MINING DISTRICT OF PONCE ENRIQUEZ (ECUADOR)"],"prefix":"10.5593","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenieria en Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral\nE.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energia, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid","place":["Ecuador\nEspana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Sanchez-Palencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energia, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid","place":["Espana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenieria en Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral","place":["Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Llamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energia, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid","place":["Espana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3602","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[1] R. Estupinan, P. Romero-Crespo, M. Garcia, D. Garces, and P. Valverde, \ufffdLa mineria en Ecuador. Pasado, presente y futuro,\ufffd BOLETIN GEOLOGICO Y MINERO, vol. 132, no. 4, pp. 533\ufffd549, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.21701\/bolgeomin.132.4.010.","DOI":"10.21701\/bolgeomin.132.4.010"},{"key":"ref=2","unstructured":"[2] UCP PRODEMINCA, Monitoreo ambiental de las areas mineras en el sur del Ecuador 1996 -1998, I., vol. 59. Quito: SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, 1998."},{"key":"ref=3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] J. D. Appleton, T. M. Williams, H. Orbea, and M. Carrasco, \ufffdFluvial Contamination Associated with Artisanal Gold Mining in the Ponce Enriquez, Portovelo-Zaruma and Nambija Areas, Ecuador,\ufffd Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 131, no. 1\/4, pp. 19\ufffd39, 2001, doi: 10.1023\/A:1011965430757.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011965430757"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] G. T. Carling et al., \ufffdParticulate and Dissolved Trace Element Concentrations in Three Southern Ecuador Rivers Impacted by Artisanal Gold Mining,\ufffd Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 224, no. 2, p. 1415, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1007\/s11270-012-1415-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-012-1415-y"},{"key":"ref=5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[5] K. Escobar-Segovia et al., \ufffdHeavy metals in rivers affected by mining activities in Ecuador: Pollution and human health implications,\ufffd WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 250, pp. 61\ufffd72, 2021, doi: 10.2495\/WRM210061.","DOI":"10.2495\/WRM210061"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] K. Villamar-Marazita et al., \ufffdHeavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Ponce Enriquez Mining Area, Ecuador,\ufffd in Proceedings of the LACCEI international Multi-conference for Engineering, Education and Technology, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2023. doi: 10.18687\/laccei2023.1.1.493.","DOI":"10.18687\/LACCEI2023.1.1.493"},{"key":"ref=7","unstructured":"[7] W. T. Pratt, J. Figueroa, and B. Flores, \ufffdMapa Geologico de la Coordillera Occidental del Ecuador entre 3\ufffd - 4\ufffdS,\ufffd Quito, 1997."},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] P. Fulignati et al., \ufffdThe propylitic alteration in the Ponce Enriquez Gold Mining district, Azuay province, Ecuador: genetic constraints from a mineral chemistry and fluid inclusions study,\ufffd Front Earth Sci (Lausanne), vol. 11, p. 1255712, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3389\/feart.2023.1255712.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1255712"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[9] T. M. Williams et al., \ufffdRegional geochemical reconnaissance of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador: Economic and environmental applications,\ufffd Applied Geochemistry, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 531\ufffd550, 2000, doi: 10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00059-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00059-1"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] J. L. Manrique-Carreno and G. A. Guaman-Jaramillo, \ufffdEstudio de prospeccion geoquimica en sedimentos de las microcuencas Chirimoyo y Guineo, Ecuador,\ufffd Revista Boletin de Geologia, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 39\ufffd55, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.18273\/revbol.v42n1-2020002.","DOI":"10.18273\/revbol.v42n1-2020002"},{"key":"ref=11","unstructured":"[11] W. White, Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, 2005."},{"key":"ref=12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] S. Jimenez-Oyola et al., \ufffdEcological and probabilistic human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in river sediments affected by mining activities in Ecuador,\ufffd Environ Geochem Health, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 4459\ufffd4474, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1007\/s10653-021-00935-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00935-w"}],"event":{"name":"24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24","theme":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","location":"Albena, Bulgaria","acronym":"SGEM24","number":"24","sponsor":["SGEM WORLD SCIENCE (SWS) Scholarly Society, Austria"],"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]}},"container-title":["SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference\ufffd EXPO Proceedings","24th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2024, Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration And Mining, Vol 24, Issue 1.1"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T19:28:12Z","timestamp":1782415692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/epslibrary.at\/items\/b9933fb6-30a4-4e48-a9e0-16d4f04c4743\/environmental-statistical-analysis-of-the-basins-of-the-mining-district-of-ponce-enriquez-"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5593\/sgem2024\/1.1\/s01.09","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2704"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2704","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]}}}