{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:39:55Z","timestamp":1778513995842,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.07089.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.07089.PTDC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ADMET DMPK"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and purpose: Monitoring antibiotic drugs in the environment is particularly relevant given their role in fostering microbial resistance, impacting aquatic species and human health. Therefore, this work addresses the lack of a sustainable and cost-effective analytical approach and reports the development of a competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid analysis of trimethoprim (TMP), an aquatic contaminant of emerging concern, overcoming the limitations of conventional methods that are often costly and time-consuming. Experimental approach: A miniaturized 3-electrode system was developed to support the analyses of a low-volume sample (200 \u00b5L), using a low-cost carbon-paper working electrode, pencil graphite lead auxiliary electrode and a stainless-steel needle reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the transducer, revealing a network of randomly arranged carbon fibres, significant for efficient antibody immobilization. For the immunoassay construction, an anti-TMP antibody was physically adsorbed to a small-sized transducer (d = 4 mm) for the specific recognition of TMP, followed by incubation with the enzyme-conjugate (horseradish peroxidase) and the enzyme-substrate (tetramethylbenzidine). Key results: The analytical signal was recorded by chronoamperometry (1-minute reaction) and yielded a limit of detection of 34 ng L\u22121. The 45-minute assay demonstrates accuracy (92.0 to 103.2 % in fishery species including codfish, mackerel, crab, and hake), reproducibility (6.1 and 9.3 % for repeatability and inter-day variation coefficient) and high selectivity (bias less than 5 %) analysis. The sensor's performance was validated against a conventional Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Conclusion: This study introduces a sustainable electrochemical immunosensor, offering a portable and eco-friendly alternative for the rapid detection of TMP in fishery species, addressing the limitations of traditional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.2962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T18:37:08Z","timestamp":1759775828000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of a carbon paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for trimethoprim detection in fishery species: monitoring antibiotic contaminants"],"prefix":"10.5599","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0628-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vit\u00f3ria","family":"Dibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3085-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9829-8559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Torrinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3564","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"136890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117844"},{"key":"136891","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2016.12.004"},{"key":"136892","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.128"},{"key":"136893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.012"},{"key":"136894","unstructured":"[5] World Health Organization (WHO). Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2020, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2020. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/332081"},{"key":"136895","unstructured":"[6] Regulation (EC) No 470\/2009 of the European parliament and of the council laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377\/90 and amending Directive 2001\/82\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance), 2009. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2009\/470\/oj"},{"key":"136896","unstructured":"[7] Directive (EU) 2020\/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast), 2020. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2020\/2184\/oj"},{"key":"136897","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.03.038"},{"key":"136898","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.03.057"},{"key":"136899","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics2010046"},{"key":"136900","unstructured":"[11] E.C.J.R. Centre, L. Gomez Cortes, D. Marinov, I. Sanseverino, A. Navarro Cuenca, M. Niegowska, E. Porcel Rodriguez, F. Stefanelli, T. Lettieri. Selection of substances for the 4th Watch List under the Water Framework Directive. 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