{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T12:17:10Z","timestamp":1766492230921},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Index Copernicus","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol Pol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;Objectives:&lt;\/b&gt; Human bites of the face are a frequent and serious health issue as they often compromise patients function and aesthetics as well as lead to further complications. The aim of the study is to review human bites of the face referred to our team during 112 short-term medical missions (STMMs) in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 20 years and to discuss the epidemiology, appearance, management and outcome, including the most common complications. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;\/b&gt; A retrospective medical documentation review was carried out examining all human bites of the face operated by our team during 112 STMMs from 2000 to 2019 in different countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;\/b&gt; Out of about 5500 patients medical charts 51 patients were selected due to history of human bite. Patients\u2019 age range was 15\u201365 years, female to male ratio was 1, 55:1, the most often involved parts were: lips, ear and nose. Various surgical procedures were carried out including local flaps and free grafts. Infection and graft necrosis were the most common reported complication (n = 4; 9.3%).  &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/b&gt; Human bites injuries are a serious health problem in some African populations because of their frequency and possible severity. The treatment is particularly challenging due to their potential to cause local infections, the risk they pose for transmission of systemic diseases as well as their demanding surgical management.\n\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.1045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T12:30:26Z","timestamp":1587385826000},"page":"31-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Facial human bites. Vision on STMMs in Africa"],"prefix":"10.5604","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Clar\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clar\u00f3s Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, ENT and Facial Plastic Surgery, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Ko\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Stefan Zeromski Specialist Hospital, Cracow, Poland and Scholarship in Clar\u00f3s Clinic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Clar\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clar\u00f3s Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, ENT and Facial Plastic Surgery, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3689","reference":[{"key":"202826r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robsam S.O., Ihechi E.U., Olufemi W.O.: Human bite as a weapon of assault.African Health Sciences., 2018; 18(1): 79\u201389.","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i1.12"},{"key":"202826r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shubi F.M., Hamza O.J., Kalyanyama B.M., Simon E.N.: Human bite injuriesin the oro-facial region at the Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. BMCOral Health., 2008; 8(12): 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-8-12"},{"key":"202826r3","unstructured":"Obukwe O.N.: A study of human bite injuries to the face.Cent Afr J Med.,2002; 48(5\u20136): 68\u201371."},{"key":"202826r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robsam S.O., Ihechi E.U., Olufemi W.O.: Human bite as a weapon of assault.African Health Sciences., 2018; 18(1): 79\u201389.","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i1.12"},{"key":"202826r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donkor P., Bankas D.O.: A study of primary closure of human bite injuriesto the face. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery., 1997; 55(5): 479\u2013481.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(97)90695-9"},{"key":"202826r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry F.P., Purcell E.M., Eadie P.A.: The human bite injury: a clinical audit anddiscussion regarding the management of this alcohol fuelled phenomenon.Emergency Medicine Journal., 2007; 24(7): 455\u2013458.","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.045054"},{"key":"202826r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malay P.B.: Short-Term Medical Missions and Global Health. The Journal ofFoot and Ankle Surgery., 2017; 56(2): 220\u2013222.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.031"},{"key":"202826r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez S.M., Danser M.M., Sipos P.M., Rowshani B., Velden U.V.D. et al.: Tongue coating and salivary bacterial counts in healthy\/gingivitis subjects and periodontitis patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology., 2001; 28(10): 970\u2013978.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028010970.x"},{"key":"202826r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talan D.A., Abrahamian F.M., Moran G.J., Citron D.M., Tan J.O. et al.: Clinical Presentation and Bacteriologic Analysis of Infected Human Bites in Patients Presentingto Emergency Departments. Clinical Infectious Diseases., 2003; 37(11): 1481\u20131489.","DOI":"10.1086\/379331"},{"key":"202826r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gossling J.: Occurrence and Pathogenicity of the Streptococcus milleri Group.Clinical Infectious Diseases., 1988; 10(2): 257\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.2.257"},{"key":"202826r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C., Dunford R., Reynolds H., Zambon J.: Eikenella corrodens in the Human Oral Cavity. Journal of periodontology., 1989; 60(11): 611\u2013616.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1989.60.11.611"},{"key":"202826r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eardley W., Harrison M.H., Coady M.: Human Bite Injury In North East England \u2013 The Impact Of Alcohol Intake On A Mode Of Violent Assault. Journalof the Royal Army Medical Corps., 2006; 152(1): 22\u201325.","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-152-01-05"},{"key":"202826r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreiro M., Dios P., Scully C.: Transmission of hepatitis C virus by saliva? OralDiseases., 2005; 11(4): 230\u2013235.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01076.x"},{"key":"202826r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandereijk A., Niesters H., Gotz H., Janssen H., Schalm S. et al.: Paired measurements of quantitative hepatitis B virus DNA in saliva and serum of chronichepatitis B patients: implications for saliva as infectious agent. Journal of Clinical Virology., 2004; 29(2): 92\u201394.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00092-1"},{"key":"202826r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiredo J.F.C., Borges A.S., Martinez R., Martinelli A.D.L.C., Villanova M.G.et al.: Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus but Not Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by a Human Bite. Clinical Infectious Diseases., 1994; 19(3): 546\u2013547.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.3.546"},{"key":"202826r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenton P., Stornello C.: Hepatitis B virus transmitted via bite. The Lancet.,1991; 338(8780): 1466.","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92773-U"},{"key":"202826r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott R.M., Snitbhan R., Bancroft W.H., Alter H.J., Tingpalapong M.: Experimental Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus by Semen and Saliva. Journal ofInfectious Diseases., 1980; 142(1): 67\u201371.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.1.67"},{"key":"202826r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khajotia R.R., Lee E.: Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Through Saliva After a Lip Bite. Archives of Internal Medicine., 1997; 157(16): 1901.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440370151017"},{"key":"202826r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadhav S.: Possible transmission of HIV Infection due to human bite. International Journal of Infectious Diseases., 2018; 73: 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.3977"},{"key":"202826r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal K., Ramachandrudu T., Hamide A., Dutta T.K.: Tetanus Caused byHuman Bite of the Finger. Annals of Plastic Surgery., 1995; 34(2): 201\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199502000-00016"},{"key":"202826r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muguti G., Dixon M.: Tetanus following human bite. British Journal of PlasticSurgery., 1992; 45(8): 614\u2013615.","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(92)90031-R"},{"key":"202826r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanopoulos P., Tarantzopoulou A.: Facial bite wounds: management update.International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery., 2005; 34(5): 464\u2013472.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2005.04.001"},{"key":"202826r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stierman K.L., Lloyd K.M., Luca-Pytell D.M.D., Phillips L.G., Calhoun K.H.:Treatment and outcome of human bites in the head and neck. Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery., 2003; 128(6): 795\u2013801.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(03)00254-7"},{"key":"202826r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baurmash H.D., Monto M.: Delayed Healing Human Bite Wounds of the Orofacial Area Managed With Immediate Primary Closure: Treatment Rationale.Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery., 2005; 63(9): 1391\u20131397.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.05.165"},{"key":"202826r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinwar P.D.: Auricle injury due to human bite \u2013 A rare case report and review literature. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports., 2015; 6: 5\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.11.064"},{"key":"202826r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly A.P.: Keloids. Dermatologic Clinics., 1988; 6(3): 413\u2013424.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30653-3"},{"key":"202826r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiprono S., Chaula B., Masenga J., Muchunu J., Mavura D. et al.: Epidemiology of keloids in normally pigmented Africans and African people with albinism: population-based cross-sectional survey. British Journal of Dermatology., 2015; 173(3): 852\u2013854.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13826"},{"key":"202826r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews J.P., Marttala J., Macarak E., Rosenbloom J., Uitto J. Keloids: The paradigm of skin fibrosis \u2013 Pathomechanisms and treatment. Matrix Biology.,2016; 51: 37\u201346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.01.013"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologia Polska"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/pdf\/01.3001.0014.1045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/pdf\/01.3001.0014.1045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T12:36:02Z","timestamp":1632314162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/01.3001.0014.1045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/01.3001.0014.1045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6657","2300-8423"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6657","type":"print"},{"value":"2300-8423","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}