{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:54:53Z","timestamp":1776740093215,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Index Copernicus","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol Pol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"abstract":"<b>Introduction:<\/b> The facial nerve (FN) follows a complex route in the temporal bone. Successful temporal bone surgery requires knowledge of its course which can be achieved using imaging methods such as computed tomography. This investigation aims to analyze the FN course in its mastoid portion and second genu and the frequency of its atypical course.<\/br><\/br> <b>Material and methods:<\/b> This is a retrospective study that enrolled 104 CT scans of temporal bones of patients followed up in the outpatient clinic of the Otorhinolaryngology Department of Dentistry Faculty of the Medical University of Warsaw between 2020 and 2022. FN courses were classified as straight, bulging, or letter \u201cS\u201d-like. Other parameters estimated: <\/br> \u2022 position of the second genu according to the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal (classified as lateral, medial, or middle) and its distance from a line adjacent to the lateral semicircular canal was measured;<\/br> \u2022 the distance between the short process of the incus and the outermost point of the second genu;<\/br> \u2022 the course of the mastoid portion of FN and the location of SG in comparison to the tympanic portion of n. VII. The course was later classified as lateral, medial, or middle.<\/br><\/br> <b>Results:<\/b> Among the 104 assessed temporal bones, the course of the mastoid portion of FN was classified as bulging in 47 cases (45.2%). Straight and letter \u201cS\u201d-like courses were present in 41 (39.4%) and 16 (15.4%) cases, respectively. Deviation of the second genu according to the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal was medial in 86 cases (82.7%), and middle in 4 cases (3.8%). In the rest, second genu was paramedian to the prominence of the later circular canal. The mean distance between the short process of the incus and the outermost point of SG was 4.9 mm (0.73 mm). The mastoid portion was located laterally, medially, and in the middle of the tympanic portion plane in, respectively, 4.8%, 83.7%, and 11.5%. The second genu was located laterally, medially, and in the middle of the tympanic portion plane in 1.9%, 73.1%, and 25%, respectively. In conclusion, seven temporal bones (6.7%) of five patients presented with a lateral displacement of FN in relation to the established anatomical landmarks.<\/br><\/br> <b>Conclusions:<\/b> Although the atypical course of FN, including the lateral displacement of the mastoid portion, is rare, screening for it is crucial before surgical exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0016.3300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T08:01:26Z","timestamp":1695974486000},"page":"39-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of mastoid portion of facial nerve course in temporal bone using computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.5604","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Szot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"P\u0142achta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3481-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Nag\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3113-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Bro\u017cek-M\u0105dry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3689","reference":[{"key":"235944r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu N.G., Kim J.: How to Avoid Facial Nerve Injury in Mastoidectomy? J Audiol Otol., 2016; 20(2): 68\u201372.","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2016.20.2.68"},{"key":"235944r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green J.D. Jr., Shelton C., Brackmann D.E.: Iatrogenic facial nerve injury duringotologic surgery. Laryngoscope., 1994; 104(8 Pt 1): 922\u2013926.","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199408000-00002"},{"key":"235944r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zourntou S.E., Makridis K.G., Tsougos C.-I. et al.: Facial nerve: A review ofthe anatomical, surgical landmarks and its iatrogenic injuries. Injury, 2021;52(8): 2038\u20132048.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.05.029"},{"key":"235944r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamshidi A., Hasanzadeh A., Zonnour A. et al.: Iatrogenic facial nerve injuryin mastoidectomy: The impact of variables on the outcome. Am J Otolaryngol., 2022; 43(4): 103472.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103472"},{"key":"235944r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burzy\u0144ska-Makuch M., Mierzwi\u0144ski J., Haber K.: The role of preoperative imaging for auditory implants in children. Otolaryngol Pol., 2020; 75(1): 23\u201335.","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.2438"},{"key":"235944r6","unstructured":"Mistry R.K., Hohman M.H., Al-Sayed A.A.: Facial Nerve Trauma, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright 2023, StatPearls PublishingLLC.: Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"235944r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00fcccar E., Aslan T.A., Elhan A., Deda H.: Radiological anatomy of the intratemporal course of facial nerve. Clin Anat., 2000; 13(2): 83\u201387.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(2000)13:2<83::AID-CA2>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"235944r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozaki A., Haginomori S.-I., Ayani Y. et al.: Facial nerve course in the temporalbone: Anatomical relationship between the tympanic and mastoid portionsfor safe ear surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx., 2020; 47(5): 800\u2013806.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.05.002"},{"key":"235944r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghavan P., Mukherjee S., Phillips C.D.: Imaging of the facial nerve. Neuroimaging Clin N Am., 2009; 19(3): 407\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2009.06.008"},{"key":"235944r10","unstructured":"Zhao S., Han D., Wang Z. et al.: An imaging study of the facial nerve canal incongenital aural atresia. Ear Nose Throat J., 2015; 94(10\u201311): E6\u201313."},{"key":"235944r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veillona F., Ramos-Taboada L., Abu-Eid M., Charpiot A., Riehm S.: Imagingof the facial nerve. Eur J Radiol., 2010; 74(2): 341\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.08.027"},{"key":"235944r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Q., Hong R., Wang W.: Using coronary computerized tomographic imagesto predict the bulging second genu of the facial nerve in mastoidectomy. EurArch Otorhinolaryngol., 2014; 271(5): 987\u2013991.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2503-3"},{"key":"235944r13","unstructured":"Asma A., Marina M.B., Mazita A. et al.: Iatrogenic facial nerve palsy: lessonsto learn. Singapore Med J., 2009; 50(12): 1154\u20131157."},{"key":"235944r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linder T., Mulazimoglu S., El Hadi T. et al.: Iatrogenic facial nerve injuries during chronic otitis media surgery: a multicentre retrospective study. Clin Otolaryngol., 2017; 42(3): 521\u2013527.","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12755"},{"key":"235944r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav S.P.S., Ranga A., Sirohiwal L.B., Chanda R.: Surgical anatomy of tympano-mastoid segment of facial nerve. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.,2006; 58(1): 27\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02907734"},{"key":"235944r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celik O., Eskiizmir G., Pabuscu Y., Ulkumen B., Tanyeri Toker G.: The roleof facial canal diameter in the pathogenesis and grade of Bell\u2019s palsy: a studyby high resolution computed tomography. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol., 2017;83(3): 261\u2013268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2016.03.016"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologia Polska"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/pdf\/01.3001.0016.3300","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/pdf\/01.3001.0016.3300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T08:01:51Z","timestamp":1695974511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/otolaryngologypl.com\/gicid\/01.3001.0016.3300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/01.3001.0016.3300","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6657","2300-8423"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6657","type":"print"},{"value":"2300-8423","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}}}