{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:18:35Z","timestamp":1782839915614,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IRN \u2013 AP19679355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN \u2013 AP19679355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eaht.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Anal Health Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to analyse data from epizootological monitoring, microbiological and molecular genetic studies to assess the genetic biodiversity of &lt;i&gt;Yersinia pestis&lt;\/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Y. pestis&lt;\/i&gt;) strains, to determine the effectiveness of using individual methods and to develop the necessary algorithm for evaluating genetic methods and creating a biorepository of natural isolates of these pathogens. As a result, the biodiversity of &lt;i&gt;Y. pestis&lt;\/i&gt; strains isolated in natural plague foci of Kazakhstan was analysed using classical and modern methods (polymerase chain reaction, Multi Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis, VITEK 2 Compact, MiniION Oxford Nanopore, MiSeq sequencer) of research and geographic information system (GIS) technology. Spatial and temporal characteristics of plague infection in the plague-enriched areas of the country were described. The study summarised the characteristics of phenotypic and molecular genetic properties of 1220 &lt;i&gt;Y. pestis&lt;\/i&gt; strains isolated from different sites in natural plague foci of the country during the period 2010-2023. As a result, 94.8% of &lt;i&gt;Y. pestis&lt;\/i&gt; strains were typical of these plague foci, and 5.2% of strains had altered properties in some respects. To obtain information on genetic diversity and their geographical distribution, 82 DNA samples of &lt;i&gt;Y. pestis&lt;\/i&gt; strains were studied. Three phylogenetic trees were constructed, GIS maps were compiled and a gene bank, a biorepository of molecular characteristics was created to obtain specific genetic characteristics of strains and a complete picture of the genetic parameters of the plague pathogen isolated from various sites in natural foci of Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2025019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T01:19:29Z","timestamp":1756948769000},"page":"e2025019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5620\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial and temporal characterisation of genetic and phenotypic properties of Yersinia pestis in Kazakhstan\u2019s natural plague 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