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Subsequently, 2 ng\/mL of GM-CSF was added to the treatment group samples. All samples were then incubated for 1 hour. Post-incubation, the protein levels of light chain 3 II (LC3-II)\/LC3-I and autophagy related 7 (Atg7), which are well-known autophagy markers, along with sperm motility, viability, and sperm DNA fragmentation, were analyzed in both study groups.Results: Our study demonstrated significant increases in LC3-II\/LC3-I and Atg7 levels, as well as in sperm motility, in the GM-CSF group compared to the control group (p&lt;0.0001). Furthermore, GM-CSF treatment significantly reduced necrotic cell death in the GM-CSF group relative to the control group (p&lt;0.01). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sperm viability and DNA fragmentation (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion: These results revealed that GM-CSF has the potential to significantly induce autophagy in sperm and enhance sperm motility in patients with asthenoteratozoospermia, without adversely affecting sperm viability and DNA integrity. These findings suggest that modifying autophagy with physiological and safe components like GM-CSF may become a promising therapeutic strategy for treating male infertility in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2024.07479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:36:15Z","timestamp":1741221375000},"page":"275-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5653\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor in inducing autophagy in the spermatozoa of patients with asthenoteratozoospermia"],"prefix":"10.5653","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9936-9382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tahereh","family":"Gheliji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-7555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad 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