{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:31:39Z","timestamp":1787164299411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T15:13:07Z","timestamp":1372432387000},"page":"1069-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Respiratory Movement of Upper Airway Tissue in Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaokoon","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne E.","family":"Bilston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","article-title":"The occurrence of sleep disordered breathing among middle-aged adults","volume":"328","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200510-116JH","article-title":"Sleep apnea","volume":"3","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200302-201OC","article-title":"Contributions of upper airway mechanics and control mechanisms to severity of obstructive apnea","volume":"168","author":"Younes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00282.2006","article-title":"Neuromechanical control of upper airway patency during sleep","volume":"102","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00940.2005","article-title":"Tonic and phasic respiratory drives to human genioglossus motoneurons during breathing","volume":"95","author":"Saboisky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156430","article-title":"Movement of the tongue during normal breathing in awake healthy humans","volume":"586","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00865.2007","article-title":"Sleep\/wake firing patterns of human genioglossus motor units","volume":"98","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.4.470","article-title":"Genioglossal muscle response to CO2 stimulation during NREM sleep","volume":"29","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00812.2010","article-title":"Recruitment and rate-coding strategies of the human genioglossus muscle","volume":"109","author":"Saboisky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.11.1529","article-title":"Motor unit recruitment in human genioglossus muscle in response to hypercapnia","volume":"33","author":"Nicholas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B11","first-page":"215","article-title":"Diaphragmatic and genioglossal electro-myogram responses to isocapnic hypoxia in humans","volume":"124","author":"Onal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1162","article-title":"Response of genioglossus muscle to increasing chemical drive in sleeping obstructive apnea patients","volume":"34","author":"Loewen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2102048","article-title":"Genioglossal activation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea versus control subjects: Mechanisms of muscle control","volume":"164","author":"Fogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.1.2011065","article-title":"Pharyngeal pressure and flow effects on genioglossus activation in normal subjects","volume":"165","author":"Malhotra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.7.851","article-title":"The influence of lung volume on pharyngeal mechanics, collapsibility, and genioglossus muscle activation during sleep","volume":"26","author":"Stanchina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.4_Pt_1.854","article-title":"Effect of lung inflation on pulmonary resistance during NREM sleep","volume":"141","author":"Begle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633734","article-title":"Influence of gender on waking genioglossal electromyogram and upper airway resistance","volume":"152","author":"Popovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.1098","article-title":"Effect of inspired air temperature on genioglossus activity during nose breathing in awake humans","volume":"69","author":"Basner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139584","article-title":"Neural drive to human genioglossus in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"585","author":"Saboisky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.908","article-title":"Activity of respiratory pump and upper airway muscles during sleep onset","volume":"85","author":"Worsnop","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.083659","article-title":"The effect of sleep onset on upper airway activity in patients with sleep apnoea versus controls","volume":"564","author":"Fogel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00063406","article-title":"Upper airway collapsibility, dilator muscle activation and resistance in sleep apnoea","volume":"30","author":"Pierce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.4.525","article-title":"Discharge patterns of human genioglossus motor units during sleep onset","volume":"31","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.038810","article-title":"Within-breath control of genioglossus muscle activation in humans: effect of sleep-wake state","volume":"550","author":"Fogel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21011","article-title":"Human tongue neuroanatomy: Nerve supply and motor endplates","volume":"23","author":"Mu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.3.2717762","article-title":"MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization","volume":"171","author":"Axel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073502","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway wall mechanics using tagged magnetic resonance imaging during medial hypoglossal nerve stimulation in rats","volume":"561","author":"Brennick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B28","article-title":"Movement of the human upper airway during inspiration with and without inspiratory resistive loading","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B29","first-page":"14","article-title":"Evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","author":"Shepard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B30","article-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"Iber","year":"2007","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(199912)42:6<1048::AID-MRM9>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Cardiac motion tracking using CINE harmonic phase (HARP) magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Osman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1999.1946","article-title":"A k-space analysis of MR tagging","volume":"142","author":"Kerwin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00045.2008","article-title":"Contribution of male sex, age, and obesity to mechanical instability of the upper airway during sleep","volume":"104","author":"Kirkness","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-866OC","article-title":"Identification of upper airway anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"168","author":"Schwab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00222.x","article-title":"Tongue protrusion strength and fatiguability: Relationship to apnoea\/hypopnoea index and age","volume":"9","author":"Mortimore","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117640","article-title":"Physiologic, metabolic, and muscle fiber type characteristics of musculus uvulae in sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and in snorers","volume":"95","author":"S\u00e9ri\u00e8s","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9809052","article-title":"Patients with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit genioglossus dysfunction that is normalized after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"159","author":"Carrera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26965","article-title":"Upper airway myopathy is not important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"3","author":"Eckert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00653.2011","article-title":"Sensorimotor function of the upper-airway muscles and respiratory sensory processing in untreated obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"111","author":"Eckert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","article-title":"Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue","volume":"81","author":"Gandevia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2102048","article-title":"Genioglossal Activation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea versus control subjects: mechanisms of muscle control","volume":"164","author":"Fogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0474-9","article-title":"Swallowing dysfunction related to obstructive sleep apnea: a nasal fibroscopy pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Valbuza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1100OC","article-title":"Upper airway muscle inflammation and denervation changes in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"170","author":"Boyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26964","article-title":"Upper airway myopathy is important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"3","author":"Kimoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00095","article-title":"Functional role of neural injury in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"3","author":"Saboisky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.10.916","article-title":"Neurogenic effects on the palatopharyngeal muscle in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a muscle biopsy study","volume":"55","author":"Edstr\u00f6m","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.840","article-title":"Anatomic determinants of Sleep-disordered Breathing across the spectrum of clinical and non clinical male subjects","volume":"122","author":"Dempsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.96-06049","article-title":"Histological indications of a progressive snorers disease in an upper airway muscle","volume":"157","author":"Friberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Resp and Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-1058OC","article-title":"Neurogenic changes in the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"185","author":"Saboisky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.007096","article-title":"Anatomical basis of lingual hydrostatic deformation","volume":"210","author":"Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)76262-5","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional-resolved fiber architecture in heterogeneous skeletal muscle tissue using NMR and optical imaging methods","volume":"80","author":"Napadow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018112108444131500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.007161","article-title":"Sleep 1: Obstructive sleep apnoea\/hypopnoea syndrome: definitions, epidemiology, and natural history","volume":"59","author":"Stradling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article-pdf\/36\/7\/1069\/26660994\/aasm.36.7.1069.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T05:44:24Z","timestamp":1596001464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sleep\/article\/36\/7\/1069\/2453878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.2812","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8105","1550-9109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]}}}