{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:34:47Z","timestamp":1787841287384,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare inflammatory disorder affecting the joint synovium, bursae, and tendon sheaths that causes non-specific and often insidious joint discomfort. The application of systemic chemotherapy has been limited due to poor and unsustained disease responses. Surgery with or without adjuvant radiation is the primary treatment modality for TGCT. With its locally destructive nature and increased recurrence, multiple surgical interventions become necessary throughout the course of the disease, leading to disfigurement, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. However, owing to recent evidence demonstrating the overexpression of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in TGCT, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting CSF-1 receptors are being developed. Pex- idartinib is the first CSF-1 receptor inhibitor approved for the treatment of TGCT. Here, we discuss various available treatment strategies and ongoing investigations and trials targeting diffuse TGCT, which include nilotinib, lacnotuzu- mab, cabiralizumab, vimseltinib, and emactuzumab.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.56875\/2589-0646.1032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T05:42:01Z","timestamp":1686634921000},"page":"307-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Updates on the Treatment of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vatsala","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"R1-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2017.1361126","article-title":"Higher incidence rates than previously known in tenosynovial giant cell tumors","volume":"88","author":"Mastboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.03.001","article-title":"Burden of illness associated with tenosynovial giant cell tumors","volume":"40","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Therapeut"},{"issue":"1S","key":"R3-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2016.11.002","article-title":"Localized and diffuse forms of tenosynovial giant cell tumor (formerly giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and pigmented villonodular synovitis)","volume":"103","author":"Gouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"R4-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200105000-00025","article-title":"Pigmented villonodular synovitis: keys to early diagnosis","volume":"386","author":"Bhimani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R5-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328347e1e3","article-title":"Treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumor and pigmented villonodular synovitis","volume":"23","author":"Ravi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.11.001","article-title":"Tenosynovial giant cell tumour\/pigmented villonodular synovitis: outcome of 294 patients before the era of kinase inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"Palmerini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"R7-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B4.34907","article-title":"The effect of surgical synovectomy and radiotherapy on the rate of recurrence of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: an individual patient meta-analysis","volume":"97-B","author":"Mollon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Joint Lett J"},{"issue":"4","key":"R8-20241211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70063-4","article-title":"European Organisation and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. 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