{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:11:44Z","timestamp":1790745104323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine longitudinal patterns of dispensing of antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, psychostimulant, and hypnotic\/sedative medications to children and adolescents in Australia during 2013\u20132021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study; analysis of 10% random sample of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) dispensing data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants, setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People aged 18 years or younger dispensed PBS\u2010subsidised psychotropic medications in Australia, 2013\u20132021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population prevalence of dispensing of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents, by psychotropic class, gender, and age group (0\u20136, 7\u201312, 13\u201318 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall prevalence of psychotropic dispensing to children and adolescents was 33.8 per 1000 boys and 25.2 per 1000 girls in 2013, and 60.0 per 1000 boys and 48.3 per 1000 girls in 2021. The prevalence of psychotropic polypharmacy was 5.4 per 1000 boys and 3.7 per 1000 girls in 2013, and 10.4 per 1000 boys and 8.3 per 1000 girls in 2021. Prevalent dispensing during 2021 was highest for psychostimulants (boys, 44.0 per 1000; girls, 17.4 per 1000) and antidepressants (boys, 20.4 per 1000; girls, 33.8 per 1000). During 2021, the prevalence of dispensing was higher than predicted by extrapolation of 2013\u20132019 data for many classes, including antidepressants (boys: +6.1%; 95% CI, 1.1\u201311.1%; girls: +22.2%; 95% CI, 17.4\u201326.9%), and psychostimulants (boys: +14.5%; 95% CI, 8.0\u201321.1%; girls: +27.7%; 95% CI, 18.9\u201336.6%). The increases were greatest for girls aged 13\u201318 years (antidepressants: +20.3%; 95% CI, 16.9\u201323.7%; psychostimulants: +39.0%; 95% CI, 27.9\u201350.0%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of both psychotropic dispensing and psychotropic polypharmacy for children and adolescents were twice as high in 2021 as in 2013. The reasons and appropriateness of the marked increases in psychotropic dispensing during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, particularly to adolescent girls, should be investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T20:25:06Z","timestamp":1684095906000},"page":"18-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Dispensing of psychotropic medications to Australian children and adolescents before and during the\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 pandemic, 2013\u20132021: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Ilom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety Monash University  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide SA"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George SQ","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon N","family":"Jureidini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robinson Research Institute University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke E","family":"Grzeskowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicine Use and Safety Monash University  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","first-page":"CD013674","article-title":"New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta\u2010analysis","volume":"5","author":"Hetrick SE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02711-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01714-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414538675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmaa122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221079740"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221114782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211067720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1616-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.National state and territory population; 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