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Total daily sales of all, IR formulation, and CR formulation opioid medicines did not change significantly after the PBS changes. Repeat dispensing of prescriptions comprised 7.4% of PBS\u2010subsidised opioid dispensing before 1 June 2020, and 1.3% after the changes. Half\u2010pack sizes comprised 8.4% of PBS\u2010subsidised IR opioid medicine dispensing and 2.8% of all opioid medicines sold in the twelve months after the PBS changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The introduction of new PBS rules for subsidised opioid medicines was followed by a decline in PBS\u2010subsidised dispensing. Some people may have bypassed the new restrictions by switching to private prescriptions, but our findings suggest that opioid medicine use in Australia declined as a result of the new restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,24]],"date-time":"2024-03-24T14:01:10Z","timestamp":1711288870000},"page":"315-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The impact of tightened prescribing restrictions for <scp>PBS<\/scp>\u2010subsidised opioid medicines and the introduction of half\u2010pack sizes, Australia, 2020\u201321: an interrupted time series analysis"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forrest C","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"},{"name":"Transport and Road Safety Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Gisev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National\u00a0Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallie","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8617-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637211013052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"WHO guidelines for the use of analgesics in cancer pain","volume":"7","author":"Ventafridda V","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Tissue React"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.UK regulator strengthens opioid warnings [media release]. 23 Sept 2020.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/uk\u2010regulator\u2010strengthens\u2010opioid\u2010warnings(viewed May 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05150-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2020.1853140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.0234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2022.03.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15839"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Trends in overdose and other drug\u2010induced deaths in Australia, 1997\u20132020","author":"Chrzanowska A","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"NPS MedicineWise.Opioids: new and amended PBS listings. 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