{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:07:30Z","timestamp":1793059650700,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The 2023\n Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk<\/jats:italic>\n provides updated evidence\u2010based recommendations for the clinical assessment and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk for primary prevention. It includes the new Australian CVD risk calculator (Aus CVD Risk Calculator), based on an equation developed from a large New Zealand cohort study, customised and recalibrated for the Australian population. The new guideline replaces the 2012 guideline that recommended CVD risk assessment using the Framingham risk equation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main recommendations<\/jats:title>\n The new guideline recommends CVD risk assessment in people without known CVD: all people aged 45\u201379 years, people with diabetes from 35 years, and First Nations people from 30 years. The new Aus CVD Risk Calculator should be used to estimate and categorise CVD risk into low (<\u20095% risk over five years), intermediate (5% to <\u200910% risk over five years) or high risk (\u2265\u200910% over five years). The following reclassification factors may be applied to recategorise calculated risk to improve accuracy of risk prediction, particularly in individuals close to a risk threshold: Indigenous status\/ethnicity, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin to creatinine ratio measurements, severe mental illness, coronary artery calcium score and family history of premature CVD.<\/jats:p>\n A variety of communication formats is available to communicate\u00a0CVD risk to help enable shared decision making. Healthy lifestyle\u00a0modification, including smoking cessation, nutrition, physical activity and limiting alcohol, is encouraged for all individuals. Blood pressure\u2010lowering and lipid\u2010modifying pharmacotherapies should be prescribed for high risk and considered for intermediate risk individuals, unless contraindicated or clinically inappropriate.<\/jats:p>\n Reassessment of CVD risk should be considered within five years for individuals at low risk and within two years for those with intermediate risk. Reassessment of CVD risk is not recommended for individuals at high risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Changes in assessment and management as a result of the guideline<\/jats:title>\n The updated guideline recommends assessment over a broader age range and uses the Aus CVD Risk Calculator, which replaces the previous Framingham\u2010based equation. It incorporates new variables: social disadvantage, diabetes\u2010specific risk markers, diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and use of blood pressure\u2010lowering and lipid\u2010modifying therapies. Reclassification factors are also a new addition.<\/jats:p>\n Updated risk categories and thresholds are based on the new Aus\u00a0CVD Risk Calculator. The proportion of the population in the high risk category (\u2265\u200910% over five years) is likely to be broadly comparable to more than 15% risk from the Framingham\u2010based equation.<\/jats:p>\n \n The full guideline and Aus CVD Risk Calculator can be accessed at\n www.cvdcheck.org.au<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T04:39:12Z","timestamp":1713242352000},"page":"482-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["2023 Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Mark R","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tasmania Hobart TAS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University Canberra ACT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aboriginal Health Grand Challenge Telethon Kids Institute Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4693-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara K","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney Sydney NSW"},{"name":"Westmead Hospital Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6898-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Institute for Global Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel P","family":"Stocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide Adelaide SA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Davies AO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame Australia Sydney NSW"},{"name":"Heart Foundation Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Raffoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Foundation Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Foundation Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Bradburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Foundation Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Foundation Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_1","volume-title":"Causes of death, Australia (2021)","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Heart, stroke and vascular disease: Australian facts","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance.Guidelines for the management of absolute cardiovascular disease risk 2012.https:\/\/www.heartfoundation.org.au\/getmedia\/4342a70f\u20104487\u2010496e\u2010bbb0\u2010dae33a47fcb2\/Absolute\u2010CVD\u2010Risk\u2010Full\u2010Guidelines_2.pdf(viewed Oct 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-02-20-5231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk, 2023. About the Guideline and Calculator. How the Guideline was developed","author":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Australian guideline for assessing and managing cardiovascular disease risk, 2023","author":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemannH Bro\u017cekJ GuyattG OxmanA.GRADE handbook [updated Oct 2013] \u2014 handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach.https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html(viewed Mar 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30664-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Cohort profile: the PREDICT cardiovascular disease cohort in New Zealand primary care (PREDICT\u2010CVD 19)","volume":"46","author":"Wells S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221521"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00040-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Institute for Evidence\u2010Based Healthcare Bond University.Evidence synthesis to support the development of guideline for cardiovascular disease risk 2021.https:\/\/d35rj4ptypp2hd.cloudfront.net\/pdf\/7.\u2010Report\u20101\u2010Evidence\u2010Synthesis\u2010Report\u2010Bond\u2010University.pdf(viewed Oct 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"National guide to a preventive health assessment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people","author":"National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation; Royal Australian College of General Practitioners","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"Closing the Gap.National Agreement on Closing the Gap.https:\/\/www.closingthegap.gov.au\/national\u2010agreement(viewed Mar 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-316541"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013991"}],"container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5694\/mja2.52280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1716113627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.5694\/mja2.52280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5694\/mja2.52280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.52280","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-729X","1326-5377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-729X","type":"print"},{"value":"1326-5377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}