{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:21:00Z","timestamp":1792722060470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the distribution and prevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) antibody (as evidence of past infection) in northern Victoria following the 2022 Japanese encephalitis outbreak, seeking to identify groups of people at particular risk of infection; to investigate the distribution and prevalence of antibodies to two related flaviviruses, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and West Nile virus Kunjin subtype (KUNV).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional serosurvey (part of a national JEV serosurveillance program).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three northern Victorian local public health units (Ovens Murray, Goulburn Valley, Loddon Mallee), 8 August \u2013 1 December 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>People opportunistically recruited at pathology collection centres and by targeted recruitment through community outreach and advertisements. People vaccinated against or who had been diagnosed with Japanese encephalitis were ineligible for participation, as were those born in countries where JEV is endemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seroprevalence of JEV IgG antibody, overall and by selected factors of interest (occupations, water body exposure, recreational activities and locations, exposure to animals, protective measures).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>813 participants were recruited (median age, 59 years [interquartile range, 42\u201369 years]; 496 female [61%]); 27 were JEV IgG\u2010seropositive (3.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2\u20134.8%) (median age, 73 years [interquartile range, 63\u201378 years]; 13 female [48%]); none were IgM\u2010seropositive. JEV IgG\u2010seropositive participants were identified at all recruitment locations, including those without identified cases of Japanese encephalitis. The only risk factors associated with JEV IgG\u2010seropositivity were age (per year: prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.10) and exposure to feral pigs (POR, 21; 95% CI, 1.7\u2013190). The seroprevalence of antibody to MVEV was 3.0% (95% CI, 1.9\u20134.5%; 23 of 760 participants), and of KUNV antibody 3.3% (95% CI, 2.1\u20134.8%; 25 of 761).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>People living in northern Victoria are vulnerable to future JEV infection, but few risk factors are consistently associated with infection. Additional prevention strategies, including expanding vaccine eligibility, may be required to protect people in this region from Japanese encephalitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1716869969000},"page":"566-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serosurvey for Japanese encephalitis virus antibodies following an outbreak in an immunologically na\u00efve population, Victoria, 2022: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9610-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine J","family":"Marsland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University  Canberra ACT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilda N","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University  Canberra ACT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Peach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albury Wodonga Health  Wodonga NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Bellette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albury Wodonga Health  Wodonga NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albury Wodonga Health  Wodonga NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare\u2010Anne","family":"McKeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goulburn Valley Health  Shepparton VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goulburn Valley Health  Shepparton VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Moso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Batty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suellen","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Karapanagiotidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan Kok","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah A","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noni","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance Sydney Children's Hospitals Network  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2567-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archana","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance Sydney Children's Hospitals Network  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"Macartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance Sydney Children's Hospitals Network  Sydney NSW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Glynn\u2010Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University  Canberra ACT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University  Canberra ACT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Minko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N Deborah","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"766","key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","first-page":"774a","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Campbell GL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6802a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7060085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Australian Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry.Japanese encephalitis virus. Updated 4 Dec 2023.https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/biosecurity\u2010trade\/pests\u2010diseases\u2010weeds\/animal\/japanese\u2010encephalitis(viewed Feb 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Australian Department of Health and Aged Care.Japanese encephalitis. Updated 14 Sept 2023.https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/diseases\/japanese\u2010encephalitis(viewed Oct 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Victorian Department of Health.Mosquito surveillance report. Updated 23 April 2024.https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/infectious\u2010diseases\/mosquito\u2010surveillance\u2010report(viewed May 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2023.100041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Victorian Department of Health.Mosquito surveillance report. 19 May 2023.https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/infectious\u2010diseases\/mosquito\u2010surveillance\u2010report(viewed July 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EUROIMMUN.Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).2023.https:\/\/www.euroimmun.com\/products\/infection\u2010diagnostics\/pd\/emerging\u2010diseases\/2663\/1\/155374(viewed Jan 2023).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3118640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"NSW Health.Summary of NSW Japanese encephalitis virus serosurvey results. Sept2022.https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/environment\/pests\/vector\/Documents\/jev\u2010serosurvey\u2010report.pdf(viewed Jan 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7120393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0635-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2021.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Australian Department of Health and Aged Care.National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. National Communicable Disease Surveillance Dashboard. 30 Mar 2023.https:\/\/nindss.health.gov.au\/pbi\u2010dashboard(viewed Mar 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1256149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Better Health Channel.Murray Valley encephalitis. Updated 10 Mar 2023.https:\/\/www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au\/health\/conditionsandtreatments\/murray\u2010valley\u2010encephalitis(viewed May 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)00105-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112480"}],"container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5694\/mja2.52344","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T14:21:36Z","timestamp":1718547696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.5694\/mja2.52344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5694\/mja2.52344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.52344","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-729X","1326-5377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-729X","type":"print"},{"value":"1326-5377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}