{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:50:40Z","timestamp":1790171440549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1139686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1139686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2003449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2003449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine changes in out\u2010of\u2010hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) characteristics and outcomes during 2003\u20132022, and 12\u2010month outcomes for people who experienced OHCA during 1\u00a0January 2010 \u2013 30 June 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study; analysis of Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry (VACAR) data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting, participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>OHCA events in Victoria not witnessed by emergency medical services personnel, 1 January 2003 \u2013 31\u00a0December 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crude and age\u2010standardised annual OHCA incidence rates; survival to hospital discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 102\u2009592 OHCA events included in our analysis, 67\u2009756 were in men (66.3%). The age\u2010standardised incidence did not change significantly across the study period (2003: 89.1 cases, 2022: 91.2 cases per 100\u2009000 population; for trend: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.50). The proportion of OHCA cases with attempted resuscitation by emergency medical services in which bystanders attempted cardio\u2010pulmonary resuscitation increased from 40.3% in 2003\/2004 to 72.2% in 2021\/2022, and that of public access defibrillation from 0.9% to 16.1%. In the Utstein comparator group (witnessed OHCA events in which the initial cardiac rhythm was ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, with attempted resuscitation by emergency medical services), the odds of survival to hospital discharge increased during 2003\u20132022 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.22\u20134.27); however, the odds of survival was greater than in 2012 only in 2018 (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.80) and 2019 (aOR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.28\u20132.21). The COVID\u201019 pandemic was associated with reduced odds of survival (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.54\u20130.74). Of 3161 people who survived OHCA and participated in 12\u2010month follow\u2010up, 1218 (38.5%) reported full health according to the EQ\u20105D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Utstein survival to hospital discharge increased threefold during 2003\u20132022, and the proportions of cases in which bystanders provided cardio\u2010pulmonary resuscitation or public access defibrillation increased. The COVID\u201019 pandemic was associated with a substantial reduction in survival, and new strategies are needed to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:13:37Z","timestamp":1731989617000},"page":"603-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Out\u2010of\u2010hospital cardiac arrests in Victoria, 2003\u20132022: retrospective analysis of Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry data"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"221","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Nehme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Evaluation Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Health  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Salathiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Carlyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dion","family":"Stub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Alfred Health  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Alfred Health  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St\u00a0Vincent's Heart Centre St Vincent's Health Australia  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sile","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Evaluation Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne VIC"},{"name":"Monash University  Melbourne VIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00875-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2773-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35735-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"EisenbergM LippertFK CastrenM et\u00a0al.Improving survival from out\u2010of\u2010hospital cardiac arrest. Acting on the call: 2018 update from the Global Resuscitation Alliance. Apr2018.https:\/\/www.globalresuscitationalliance.org\/wp\u2010content\/pdf\/acting_on_the_call.pdf(viewed Oct\u00a02024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Australian Resuscitation Council.ANZCOR guidelines. Undated.https:\/\/www.anzcor.org(viewed Oct2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"National, state and territory population","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"Report on Government Services","author":"Productivity Commission","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009032","article-title":"Understanding the impact of lockdowns on short\u2010term excess mortality in Australia","volume":"7","author":"Philip C","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Measuring Australia's excess mortality during the COVID\u201019 pandemic until the first quarter 2023. 19 July 2023.https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/articles\/measuring\u2010australias\u2010excess\u2010mortality\u2010during\u2010covid\u201019\u2010pandemic\u2010until\u2010first\u2010quarter\u20102023(viewed Oct 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2023.100375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2023.100466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.09.020"}],"container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.5694\/mja2.52532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1733710252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.5694\/mja2.52532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5694\/mja2.52532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.52532","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-729X","1326-5377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-729X","type":"print"},{"value":"1326-5377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}