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characteristics of people who ceased seeing multiple prescribers for monitored medicines following PDMP implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following voluntary PDMP implementation (1 April 2019), there was a significant reduction in the differential step and trend changes in the rates of seeing multiple prescribers between people prescribed monitored and non\u2010monitored medicines (differential step change:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u22123.55 [95% confidence interval (CI), \u22125.08 to \u22122.03]; differential trend change:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u22120.29 [95% CI, \u22120.46 to \u22120.12]). Following mandatory PDMP implementation (1 April 2020), there was no significant step change difference. However, there was an increase in the differential trend change in the rate of seeing multiple prescribers between those prescribed monitored and non\u2010monitored medicines (differential trend change:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 0.21 [95% CI, 0.05\u20130.37];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Logistic regression revealed that older age (95% CI, 1.39\u20131.75), male gender (95% CI, 1.09\u20131.25), metropolitan residence (95% CI, 1.04 and 1.23) and substance use disorder diagnosis (95% CI, 1.07\u20131.28) were associated with significantly higher odds of seeing multiple prescribers before PDMP implementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementation of the PDMP was associated with meaningful reductions in people accessing monitored medicines from four or more prescribers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:56:09Z","timestamp":1780631769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Implementation on Rates and Characteristics of People Seeing Multiple Prescribers in Primary Care: A Controlled Interrupted Time\u2010Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Picco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samanta","family":"Lalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department Monash Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbod A.","family":"Fini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan I.","family":"Lubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point Eastern Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0597-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachelle","family":"Buchbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Health and Wiser Health Care Units, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre (MARC) Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University  Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab344"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Doctor Shopping: A Phenomenon of Many Themes","volume":"9","author":"Sansone R. 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