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In wave 1 (2012), 1239 Grade 3 students participated and have since completed annual surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis used data up to wave 11 (2022). Participants with no data on mental health, social media and confounders were excluded, leaving a sample of 1195 (552 [46%] male participants).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure was self\u2010reported duration of daily social media use at each wave, from waves 4 to 10 (ages 12\u201318\u2009years). Outcomes (self\u2010reported depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, well\u2010being, self\u2010harm) were assessed at the subsequent annual wave, from waves 5 to 11 (ages 13\u201319\u2009years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across adolescence, &gt;\u20092\u2009h versus &lt;\u20091\u2009h of daily social media use was associated with a small increase in risk of high depressive symptoms (risk difference [RD] per 100, 6.3 [95% CI, 2.7\u20139.9]) and poor well\u2010being (RD, 4.9 [95% CI, 1.1\u20138.6]) at the subsequent annual wave. Estimated risks for all mental health problems were greatest in early adolescence (12\u201313\u2009years), with the largest effects observed for high depressive symptoms in female participants (&gt;\u20092\u2009h vs. &lt;\u20091\u2009h: RD, 10.8 [95% CI, 2.7\u201318.9]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher levels of social media use were associated with small increases in future risk of high depressive symptoms and poor well\u2010being across adolescence. The largest risks for all mental health problems were observed during early adolescence for both male and female participants, supporting the need to consider policies that mitigate the adverse effects of social media on the mental health of younger adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:01:18Z","timestamp":1781186478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effects of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From a Population\u2010Based Cohort Study in Australia"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandita","family":"Vijayakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Ghazaleh","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Canterford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1135-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Ellul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0665-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J. A.","family":"Parissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Lise","family":"Goddings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London England UK"},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences Imperial College London  London England UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell M.","family":"Viner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London England 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