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Endpoints were all\u2010cause and lung cancer\u2010specific mortality. Survival analyses were conducted using Cox regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aboriginal people (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009512) were younger (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), more likely to live outside a major city (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and in areas of greatest disadvantage (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than non\u2010Aboriginal people (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943,468). More Aboriginal females had small cell lung cancer compared with non\u2010Aboriginal females (17% vs. 10%), more Aboriginal males had adenocarcinomas (41% vs. 36%) and squamous cell carcinomas (26% vs. 20%), compared with non\u2010Aboriginal males. There were no differences in the proportions of PD\u2010L1\u2010positive disease nor\n                      <jats:italic>ALK<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>ROS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene rearrangements. A higher risk of all\u2010cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.24;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) for Aboriginal people after stratification for age, sex and lung cancer subtype was identified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified that Aboriginal people were younger, more likely to be living outside of major cities and in areas of greatest inequity than non\u2010Aboriginal people, which is an ongoing manifestation of colonisation. Aboriginal people diagnosed with lung cancer had an increased all\u2010cause mortality compared with non\u2010Aboriginal people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:14:51Z","timestamp":1789946091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sovereignty and Survival: Understanding Lung Cancer Outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Australia, a Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice R. 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