{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:59:13Z","timestamp":1790755153884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal of Australia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the direct medical costs of the Hep B Partnership Program (Hep B PAST) model of care compared with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) usual care from the health system perspective (Northern Territory (NT) Department of Health and the Commonwealth).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study (2014\u20132023) that linked primary care with inpatient, emergency, outpatient and outreach datasets. Costs were applied using National Weighted Activity Units, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and NT Government costings. A pre\u2010 and post\u2010implementation design from a health system perspective was applied, with costs in 2023 Australian dollars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Remote communities in the NT, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort included all First Nations people living with CHB who were attending a clinic in a remote community that had consented to the Hep B PAST program, and who received care between 1 July 2014 and 31 May 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Annual mean and median healthcare costs per contact and per individual across service types, with comparisons of annual mean costs per individual between pre\u2010 and post\u2010Hep B PAST using partially overlapping\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1063 First Nations individuals with CHB, annual median costs per individual were similar for usual care ($639 [interquartile range, $366\u20131156]) and Hep B PAST ($770 [interquartile range, $400\u20131272]); mean costs were also similar for usual care versus Hep B PAST ($1701 vs. $1970;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12). By service type, annual median costs were similar for inpatient services ($7777 vs. $7795), primary care ($327 vs. $302) and outpatient visits ($1985 vs. $1858), and higher for Hep B PAST for emergency services ($1339 vs. $1672) and outreach care ($373 vs. $746).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In remote First Nations communities, Hep B PAST was delivered with a modest increase in direct medical costs compared with usual care. These findings can be used to inform future cost\u2010effective evaluations. Future cost savings from decreased hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure were not included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.70292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:21:38Z","timestamp":1790752898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Costs of Delivering the Hep B\n                    <scp>PAST<\/scp>\n                    Model of Care in Remote Australia: A Retrospective Pre\u2013Post Study"],"prefix":"10.5694","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1705-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Le Tuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Health Economics Hanoi Medical University  Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4844-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Binks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division Menzies School of Health Research  Tiwi Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division Menzies School of Health Research  Tiwi Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Vintour\u2010Cesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division Menzies School of Health Research  Tiwi Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Service Royal Melbourne Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Territory Department of Health  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle  Newcastle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Territory Department of Health  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nihill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Territory Department of Health  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Tropical Health Division Menzies School of Health Research  Tiwi Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Northern Territory Department of Health  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"de Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Action for Access in Low\u2010and Middle\u2010Income Countries","author":"World Health Organization. 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