{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:07:28Z","timestamp":1772928448797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mass Spectrometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.a0191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T22:08:24Z","timestamp":1771279704000},"page":"A0191-A0191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enantioselective Determination of Carnitine Enantiomers in Food and Supplement Samples by Chiral Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.5702","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aogu","family":"Furusho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Todoroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3680","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) N. Longo, M. Frigeni, M. Pasquali. Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation. <i>Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res.<\/i> 1863: 2422\u20132435, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) M. M. Adeva-Andany, I. Calvo-Castro, C. Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C. Donapetry-Garc\u00eda, A. M. Pedre-Pi\u00f1eiro. Significance of L-carnitine for human health. <i>IUBMB Life<\/i> 69: 578\u2013594, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1646"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3) J. Nagata. Basics of carnitine in health foods: Analysis, biochemistry and physiological functions. <i>J. Anal. Bio-Sci.<\/i> 35: 275\u2013280, 2012.(in Japanese)"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) European Pharmacopoeia, 3rd Ed., European Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc., 1997."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5) The United States Pharmacopoeia, The United States Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc., 2000."},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6) A. Albreht, B. Zupan\u010di\u010d, I. Vovk. A novel derivatization procedure and chiral gas chromatographic method for enantiomeric purity screening of L-carnitine. <i>Acta Chim. Slov.<\/i> 61: 889\u2013893, 2014."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) L. Zhang, K. Luo, D. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Zeng, J. Li. Chiral molecular imprinted sensor for highly selective determination of D-carnitine in enantiomers via dsDNA-assisted conformation immobilization. <i>Anal. Chim. Acta<\/i> 1136: 82\u201390, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.08.046"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) J. Guo, Y. Xue, C. Zhao, J. Zhao, Z. Gao, Y. Mei, Y.-Y. Song. Integrated separation-electrochemical detection device based on wood column for online identification of enantiomer. <i>Nano Res.<\/i> 17: 1893\u20131901, 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-023-6000-8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) C. Vogt, A. Georgi, G. Werner. Enantiomeric separation of D\/L-carnitine using HPLC and CZE after derivatization. <i>Chromatographia<\/i> 40: 287\u2013295, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02290359"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) S. Freim\u00fcller, H. Altorfer. A chiral HPLC method for the determination of low amounts of D-carnitine in L-carnitine after derivatization with (+)-FLEC. <i>J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.<\/i> 30: 209\u2013218, 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00341-2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) M. Kagawa, Y. Machida, H. Nishi. Enantiomeric purity determination of acetyl-L-carnitine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using chiral derivatization. <i>J. Chromatogr. A<\/i> 857: 127\u2013135, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00780-3"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) M. Narasimha Naidu, K. Jakkan, P. Sanjeeva, P. Venkata Ramana. Analytical method development and validation of content of D-carnitine in levocarnitine using high-performance liquid chromatography. <i>Am. J. Anal. Chem.<\/i> 15: 407\u2013426, 2024.","DOI":"10.4236\/ajac.2024.1512027"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) M. Takahashi, K. Terashima, M. Nishijima, K. Kamata. Separation of carnitine enantiomers as the 9-anthroylnitrile derivatives and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis on an ovomucoid-conjugated column. <i>J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.<\/i> 14: 1579\u20131584, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0731-7085(96)01790-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) M. Qi, P. Wang, Y. Sun, J. Yang. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine by chiral liquid chromatography. <i>Chromatographia<\/i> 59: 247\u2013250, 2004.","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-003-0151-2"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) I. D\u2019Acquarica, F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Carotti, S. Cellamare, S. Muck. Direct chromatographic resolution of carnitine and <i>O<\/i>-acylcarnitine enantiomers on a teicoplanin-bonded chiral stationary phase. <i>J. Chromatogr. A<\/i> 857: 145\u2013155, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00773-6"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) T. Zhang, E. Holder, P. Franco, W. Lindner. Zwitterionic chiral stationary phases based on cinchona and chiral sulfonic acids for the direct stereoselective separation of amino acids and other amphoteric compounds. <i>J. Sep. Sci.<\/i> 37: 1237\u20131247, 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201400149"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Y.-Y. Jin, Z. Shi, W. Chang, L. Guo, J. Zhou, J. Liu, L. Liu, G. Xin. A chemical derivatization based UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry method for accurate quantification of short-chain fatty acids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthma mice. <i>J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.<\/i> 161: 336\u2013343, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.08.057"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) A. Gomez-Gomez, A. Soldevila, N. Pizarro, V. Andreu-Fernandez, O. J. Pozo. Improving liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of polycarboxylic acids in human urine by chemical derivatization. Comparison of <i>o<\/i>-benzyl hydroxylamine and 2-picolyl amine. <i>J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.<\/i> 164: 382\u2013394, 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.10.055"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) T. Toyo\u2019oka, M. Ishibashi, Y. Takeda, K. Nakashima, S. Akiyama, S. Uzu, K. Imai. Precolumn fluorescence tagging reagent for carboxylic acids in high-performance liquid chromatography: 4-substituted-7-aminoalkylamino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoles. <i>J. Chromatogr. A<\/i> 588: 61\u201371, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(91)85008-4"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) M. Zeng, H. Cao. Fast quantification of short chain fatty acids and ketone bodies by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after facile derivatization coupled with liquid-liquid extraction. <i>J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.<\/i> 1083: 137\u2013145, 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.02.040"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) C. Rigault, F. Mazu\u00e9, A. Bernard, J. Demarquoy, F. Le Borgne. Changes in L-carnitine content of fish and meat during domestic cooking. <i>Meat Sci.<\/i> 78: 331\u2013335, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.06.011"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) R. A. Koeth, Z. Wang, B. S. Levison, J. A. Buffa, E. Org, B. T. Sheehy, E. B. Britt, X. Fu, Y. Wu, L. Li, J. D. Smith, J. A. DiDonato, J. Chen, H. Li, G. D. Wu, J. D. Lewis, M. Warrier, J. Mark Brown, R. M. Krauss, W. H. Wilson Tang, F. D. Bushman, A. J. Lusis, S. L. Hazen. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. <i>Nat. Med.<\/i> 19: 576\u2013585, 2013.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) M. D\u0105browska, M. Starek. Analytical approaches to determination of carnitine in biological materials, foods and dietary supplements. <i>Food Chem.<\/i> 142: 220\u2013232, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.06.137"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) N. Rousta, J. A. Ferreira, M. J. Taherzadeh. Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation. <i>Bioengineered<\/i> 12: 358\u2013368, 2021.","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2020.1863618"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Y. Hagiwara, A. Ishimaru, Y. Horie, M. Itoh, S. Ikegawa, T. Higashi. Determination of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in <i>Aspergillus oryzae<\/i>-fermented rice bran product by hydrophobic derivatization-LC\/ESI-MS\/MS. <i>Chromatography<\/i> 44: 95\u2013103, 2023.","DOI":"10.15583\/jpchrom.2023.013"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) J. Demarquoy, B. Georges, C. Rigault, M. Royer, A. Clairet, M. Soty, S. Lekounoungou, F. Le Borgne. Radioisotopic determination of L-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries. <i>Food Chem.<\/i> 86: 137\u2013142, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.09.023"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) N. Siliprandi, L. Sartorelli, M. Ciman, F. Di Lisa. Carnitine: Metabolism and clinical chemistry. <i>Clin. Chim. Acta<\/i> 183: 3\u201311, 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(89)90267-2"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) A. Radzik-Rant, W. Rant, G. Sosnowiec, M. \u015awi\u0105tek, R. Ni\u017cnikowski, \u017b. Szyma\u0144ska. The effect of genotype and muscle type on the physico-chemical characteristics and taurine, carnosine and L-carnitine concentration in lamb meat. <i>Arch. Anim. Breed.<\/i> 63: 423\u2013430, 2020.","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-63-423-2020"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) S. Jung, Y. S. Bae, H. I. Yong, H. J. Lee, D. W. Seo, H. B. Park, J. H. Lee, C. Jo. Proximate composition, and L-carnitine and betaine contents in meat from Korean indigenous chicken. <i>Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci.<\/i> 28: 1760\u20131766, 2015.","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0250"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30) D. C. Woollard, H. E. Indyk, G. A. Woollard. Carnitine in milk: A survey of content, distribution and temporal variation. <i>Food Chem.<\/i> 66: 121\u2013127, 1999.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00042-4"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) K. G. Seline, H. Johein. The determination of L-carnitine in several food samples. <i>Food Chem.<\/i> 105: 793\u2013804, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.058"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) D. B. Carlson, J. W. McFadden, A. D\u2019Angelo, J. C. Woodworth, J. K. Drackley. Dietary L-carnitine affects periparturient nutrient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows. <i>J. Dairy Sci.<\/i> 90: 3422\u20133441, 2007.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-811"}],"container-title":["Mass Spectrometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/massspectrometry\/15\/1\/15_A0191\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:29:47Z","timestamp":1772857787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/massspectrometry\/15\/1\/15_A0191\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5702\/massspectrometry.a0191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2186-5116","2187-137X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2186-5116","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2187-137X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"article-number":"A0191"}}