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Treatments included; T1: a control (no supplement), T2: supplemented with 50 g\/d of cacao powder, T3: supplemented with mineral block containing cacao powder and T4: both supplemented with 50 g\/d of cacao powder and mineral block containing cacao powder.Results: Results showed no significant effect on feed intake, but polyphenol and tannin intake increased (p&lt;0.01). Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, protein, and both detergent fibers increased with cacao supplementation (p&lt;0.01). Rumen pH, total volatile fatty acid, and acetate concentrations increased, while methane and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced (p&lt;0.01). Blood urea nitrogen levels decreased (p&lt;0.05), while concentrations of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte percentage remained unchanged. The neutrophil percentage tended to decrease, as same as, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in the supplemented groups (p = 0.06 and p = 0.08, respectively).Conclusion: These findings suggest that unqualified cacao pods can enhance nutrient utilization and mitigate enteric methane emissions, offering a sustainable strategy for valorizing cacao byproducts in ruminant production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.25.0436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:46:08Z","timestamp":1761122768000},"page":"250436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5713\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inclusion of unqualified cacao pod in mineral feed block: a novel strategy to improve rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emissions in beef 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