{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:52:56Z","timestamp":1781931176901,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Association for Natural Language Processing","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Natural Language Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5715\/jnlp.33.691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T22:11:39Z","timestamp":1781475099000},"page":"691-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LlmMT+1: Enhancing Non-dominant Language Pair in Large Language Model-based Machine Translation"],"prefix":"10.5715","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Xinger","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NTT Communication Science Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3685","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"Achiam, J., Adler, S., Agarwal, S., Ahmad, L., Akkaya, I., Aleman, F. L., Almeida, D., Altenschmidt, J., Altman, S., Anadkat, S., et al. (2023). \u201cGPT-4 Technical Report.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2303.08774<\/b>."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmet, Aryabumi, V., Yong, Z., Ko, W.-Y., D\u2019souza, D., Onilude, G., Bhandari, N., Singh, S., Ooi, H.-L., Kayid, A., Vargus, F., Blunsom, P., Longpre, S., Muennighoff, N., Fadaee, M., Kreutzer, J., and Hooker, S. (2024). \u201cAya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model.\u201d In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics<\/i>, pp. 15894\u201315939. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.845"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"Alves, D. M., Pombal, J., Guerreiro, N. M., Martins, P. H., Alves, J., Farajian, A., Peters, B., Rei, R., Fernandes, P., Agrawal, S., Colombo, P., de Souza, J. G. C., and Martins, A. (2024). \u201cTower: An Open Multilingual Large Language Model for Translation-Related Tasks.\u201d In Proceedings of the Conference on Language Modeling<\/i>."},{"key":"4","unstructured":"Biderman, D., Portes, J., Ortiz, J. J. G., Paul, M., Greengard, P., Jennings, C., King, D., Havens, S., Chiley, V., Frankle, J., Blakeney, C., and Cunningham, J. P. (2024). \u201cLoRA Learns Less and Forgets Less.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2405.09673<\/b>."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Agarwal, S., Herbert-Voss, A., Krueger, G., Henighan, T., Child, R., Ramesh, A., Ziegler, D. M., Wu, J., Winter, C., Hesse, C., Chen, M., Sigler, E., Litwin, M., Gray, S., Chess, B., Clark, J., Berner, C., McCandlish, S., Radford, A., Sutskever, I., and Amodei, D. (2020). \u201cLanguage Models are Few-Shot Learners.\u201d In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33<\/i>."},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Yang, Q., Liu, Y., Sun, M., and Xu, W. (2017). \u201cJoint Training for Pivot-based Neural Machine Translation.\u201d In Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence<\/i>, pp. 3974\u20133980.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/555"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"Chu, T., Zhai, Y., Yang, J., Tong, S., Xie, S., Schuurmans, D., Le, Q. V., Levine, S., and Ma, Y. (2025). \u201cSFT Memorizes, RL Generalizes: A Comparative Study of Foundation Model Post-training.\u201d In Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning<\/i>. PMLR."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"Dang, J., Singh, S., D\u2019souza, D., Ahmadian, A., Salamanca, A., Smith, M., Peppin, A., Hong, S., Govindassamy, M., Zhao, T., et al. (2024). \u201cAya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2412.04261<\/b>."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, L., Liu, Q., Zeng, G., Guo, J., Zhou, J., Lu, W., and Lin, M. (2024). \u201cSailor: Open Language Models for South-East Asia.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2404.03608<\/b>.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-demo.45"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etxaniz, J., Azkune, G., Soroa, A., Lopez de Lacalle, O., and Artetxe, M. (2024). \u201cDo Multilingual Language Models Think Better in English?\u201d In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies<\/i>, pp. 550\u2013564.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-short.46"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Yang, H., Li, Z., Wei, D., Shang, H., and Chen, X. (2024). \u201cA Novel Paradigm Boosting Translation Capabilities of Large Language Models.\u201d In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2024<\/i>, pp. 639\u2013649.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.42"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y. J., Afify, M., and Awadalla, H. H. (2023). \u201cHow Good are GPT Models at Machine Translation? A Comprehensive Evaluation.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2302.09210<\/b>."},{"key":"13","unstructured":"Hu, E. J., Shen, Y., Wallis, P., Allen-Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., and Chen, W. (2022). \u201cLoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.\u201d In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Learning Representations<\/i>."},{"key":"14","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A., Th\u00e9rien, B., Gupta, K., Richter, M. L., Anthony, Q. G., Belilovsky, E., Lesort, T., and Rish, I. (2024). \u201cSimple and Scalable Strategies to Continually Pre-train Large Language Models.\u201d Transactions on Machine Learning Research<\/i>."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Petrov, P., Petrushkov, P., Khadivi, S., and Ney, H. (2019). \u201cPivot-based Transfer Learning for Neural Machine Translation between Non-English Languages.\u201d In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing<\/i>, pp. 866\u2013876.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1080"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, M., Utsuro, T., and Nagata, M. (2024). \u201cEnhancing Translation Accuracy of Large Language Models through Continual Pre-Training on Parallel Data.\u201d In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Spoken Language Translation<\/i>, pp. 203\u2013220. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.iwslt-1.26"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"Loshchilov, I., and Hutter, F. (2017). \u201cFixing Weight Decay Regularization in Adam.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/1711.05101<\/b>."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., and Zhu, W.-J. (2002). \u201cBLEU: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation.\u201d In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics<\/i>, pp. 311\u2013318. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, M. (2018). \u201cA Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores.\u201d In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers<\/i>, pp. 186\u2013191.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6319"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rei, R., de Souza, J. G. C., Alves, D., Zerva, C., Farinha, A. C., Glushkova, T., Lavie, A., Coheur, L., and Martins, A. F. T. (2022). \u201cCOMET-22: Unbabel-IST 2022 Submission for the Metrics Shared Task.\u201d In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Machine Translation<\/i>, pp. 578\u2013585.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.wmt-1.52"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, R., Andreas, J., Torralba, A., and Sharma, P. (2025). \u201cLoRA vs Full Fine-tuning: An Illusion of Equivalence.\u201d In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems<\/i>."},{"key":"22","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Martin, L., Stone, K., Albert, P., Almahairi, A., Babaei, Y., Bashlykov, N., Batra, S., Bhargava, P., Bhosale, S., et al. (2023). \u201cLLaMA 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2307.09288<\/b>."},{"key":"23","unstructured":"Utiyama, M., and Isahara, H. (2007). \u201cA Comparison of Pivot Methods for Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation.\u201d In Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies: The 2007 Annual Conference of the NAACL<\/i>, pp. 484\u2013491."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., and Wang, H. (2007). \u201cPivot Language Approach for Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation.\u201d In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics<\/i>, pp. 856\u2013863.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-008-9041-6"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"Xu, H., Kim, Y. J., Sharaf, A., and Awadalla, H. H. (2024). \u201cA Paradigm Shift in Machine Translation: Boosting Translation Performance of Large Language Models.\u201d In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations<\/i>."},{"key":"26","unstructured":"Xu, H., Murray, K., Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Eriguchi, A., and Khayrallah, H. (2025). \u201cX-ALMA: Plug & Play Modules and Adaptive Rejection for Quality Translation at Scale.\u201d In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Learning Representations<\/i>."},{"key":"27","unstructured":"Xu, H., Sharaf, A., Chen, Y., Tan, W., Shen, L., Van Durme, B., Murray, K., and Kim, Y. J. (2024). \u201cContrastive Preference Optimization: Pushing the Boundaries of LLM Performance in Machine Translation.\u201d In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning<\/i>."},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, L., Constant, N., Roberts, A., Kale, M., Al-Rfou, R., Siddhant, A., Barua, A., and Raffel, C. (2020). \u201cmT5: A Massively Multilingual Pre-trained Text-to-Text Transformer.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2010.11934<\/b>.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.41"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"Yang, A., Yang, B., Zhang, B., Hui, B., Zheng, B., Yu, B., Li, C., Liu, D., Huang, F., Wei, H., et al. (2024). \u201cQwen2.5 Technical Report.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2412.15115<\/b>."},{"key":"30","unstructured":"Yang, W., Li, C., Zhang, J., and Zong, C. (2023). \u201cBigTranslate: Augmenting Large Language Models with Multilingual Translation Capability over 100 Languages.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2305.18098<\/b>."},{"key":"31","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Liu, H., Dong, Q., Xu, J., Huang, S., Kong, L., Chen, J., and Li, L. (2023). \u201cMultilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.\u201d CoRR<\/i>, abs\/2304.04675<\/b>."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Liu, H., Dong, Q., Xu, J., Huang, S., Kong, L., Chen, J., and Li, L. (2024). \u201cMultilingual Machine Translation with Large Language Models: Empirical Results and Analysis.\u201d In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2024<\/i>, pp. 2765\u20132781.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.176"}],"container-title":["Journal of Natural Language Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jnlp\/33\/2\/33_691\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:45:05Z","timestamp":1781930705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jnlp\/33\/2\/33_691\/_article\/-char\/ja\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5715\/jnlp.33.691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1340-7619","2185-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1340-7619","type":"print"},{"value":"2185-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}