{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:36:23Z","timestamp":1770471383121,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Korean Society of Community Nutrition","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1C1B30037 77"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1C1B30037 77"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002456","name":"Chonnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-0080-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-0080-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kjcn.or.kr"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Community Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for the health of both mother and offspring. Diet and nutrient metabolism potentially vary according to ethnicity and fetal number; nevertheless, recent studies validating this are inadequate. Furthermore, few studies have tracked changes in intake after delivery. We compared the food and nutrient intakes between pregnant women in Korea carrying singletons and multiples during late pregnancy and assessed their changes through postpartum.Methods: Ninety-eight pregnant women were recruited from Chonnam National University Hospital between January 2019 and December 2023, and 48 responded to follow-up. Third trimester and postpartum intake were assessed via food frequency questionnaires and supplement questionnaires. Student\u2019s t-test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, chi-square test, paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed and adjustments were made for covariates. Results: Nutrient intake was generally adequate relative to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, with no differences between singleton- and multiple-pregnancy women. Sixty-six of 98 (67%) pregnant women consumed meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit daily. Dairy intake was low, while the mean iron intake during pregnancy reached 54.2 \u00b1 34.0 mg\/d, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level, mainly owing to supplements. Postpartum fruit and vitamin C intake decreased, with no significant differences between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women. Conclusion: Dietary intake did not significantly differ between Korean singleton- and multiple-pregnancy women. Dairy intake was low and iron intake was excessive. Fruit intake decreased after delivery; however, difference in dietary intake according to breastfeeding status was minimal. Nutritional education may be necessary to promote a balanced diet in pregnant and postpartum women. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service Identifier KCT0005118.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2024.00325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T06:54:18Z","timestamp":1741157658000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5720\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Food and nutrient intake in pregnant women with singletons or multiples and post-delivery changes in intake in Korea: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.5720","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6824-3039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheawon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2988-8460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dahyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-1455","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoon Ha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-624X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myeong Gyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-4244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jong Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5868-7130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clara Yongjoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3694","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.001248"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2020.9.1.52"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy","author":"Coletta","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-005-5394-0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-006-0108-2"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2013.7.3.199"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"776","volume-title":"The relation of maternal stress with nutrients intake and pregnancy outcome in pregnant women","author":"Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2010.4.4.323"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194178"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-015-0223-y"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:145588"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Vital statistics: multiple births by birth order for provinces [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"What is STROBE? [Internet]","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4163\/kjn.2013.46.2.186"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.102130"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Vital statistics: mean age of mother by birth order for provinces [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.11.044"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"91","volume-title":"An economic analysis of the decline in the fertility rate","author":"Oh","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"194","volume-title":"A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of the pregnant women in Korea","author":"Nam","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-019-02835-z"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12086"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Pregnancy and lactation: food group and nutrient intakes [Internet]","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133071"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013854"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Intake by Nutrients 2021 [Internet]","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980016002159"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Dietary supplementation status [Internet]","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000003657"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.127209"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(00)00982-0"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.07.026"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa041534"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13056"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Nutrition guideline pregnancy: multiples [Internet]","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061143"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.05.016"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-021-00188-w"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153107"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.11.1573"}],"container-title":["Korean Journal of Community Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/kjcn.or.kr\/upload\/pdf\/kjcn-2024-00325.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/kjcn.or.kr\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5720\/kjcn.2024.00325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/kjcn.or.kr\/upload\/pdf\/kjcn-2024-00325.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T06:54:25Z","timestamp":1741157665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/kjcn.or.kr\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5720\/kjcn.2024.00325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5720\/kjcn.2024.00325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2951-3146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2951-3146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}