{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:15:16Z","timestamp":1778130916731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Korean Society of Community Nutrition","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00340086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00340086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["kjcn.or.kr"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Community Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To assess whether the use of free meal services is associated with diet quality among older adults living alone in Incheon, Korea, by comparing the Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly (NQ-E), index of nutritional quality (INQ), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR).Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 5 to April 24, 2025 using one-to-one interviews and partially self-administered questionnaires. After excluding cases with missing responses or energy intake of &lt; 500 kcal\/day, 119 participants were analyzed (56 men and 63 women). A single 24-hour recall was used to calculate INQ and MAR. NQ-E was evaluated using total and subdomain scores. Group comparisons and sex-stratified multiple linear regression analyses were performed.Results: Diet-quality indicators were higher among service users than among non-users. INQ for thiamin and riboflavin was significantly higher in men than in women. Meanwhile, INQ for zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, and folate was higher in women than in men. In both sexes, MAR was higher among users than among non-users (men: 0.8 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 0.6 \u00b1 0.2; women: 0.7 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 0.5 \u00b1 0.2; P &lt; 0.001 for all). Differences in NQ-E total scores were small. Among women, the practice subdomain score was higher in users than in non-users (66.0 \u00b1 16.4 vs. 55.2 \u00b1 15.5; P = 0.016), and the proportion in upper grades was greater (P = 0.030). Regression analysis showed that service use was negatively associated with NQ-E in men (P = 0.007) and positively associated with MAR in women (P = 0.010).Conclusion: Use of free meal services was associated with improved diet quality, as reflected by MAR and INQ for specific nutrients, and with higher NQ-E practice scores observed in women than in men. Policies should prioritize food-insecure groups and support sustained participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2025.00339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1778130142000},"page":"165-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5720\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comparative study on nutritional status and diet-related subjective perceptions according to free meal service utilization among older adults living alone in Korea: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.5720","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2737-9667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minju","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0828-184X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dayeon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3694","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Future population projections: population by major age groups (working-age, older adults) [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Share of older adults living alone [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244350"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051693"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010053"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2019.24.4.309"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"National standard dataset of free meal service facilities [Internet]","author":"Public Data","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"2025 Guidelines for elderly health and welfare services","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Delphi and AHP analysis on the satisfaction factors of free lunch service for the elderly in permanent rental apartment : focusing on the users of M social welfare center in N-gu","author":"Park","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Satisfaction with the provision of free meals (alternative meals) in the context of COVID-19. 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