{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:13:16Z","timestamp":1773119596128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Becaris Publishing Limited","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Comp. Eff. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n            Surgical site infections pose a significant challenge in postoperative care, traditionally managed by keeping wounds dry. However, recent studies indicate that early postoperative showering may not increase infection risk. This study aimed to assess the impact of permitting tap water showering 24\u00a0h after surgery, specifically evaluating its impact on infection rates in level-1 (clean) and level-2 (clean-contaminated) wounds within the field of plastic surgery.\n            <jats:bold>Materials &amp; methods:<\/jats:bold>\n            Patients from the Plastic Surgery Department at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan were selected. All patients underwent surgery by the same surgeon and were permitted to shower 24\u00a0h post operation. The primary outcome was the rate of postoperative wound infections. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, wound characteristics, anesthesia type and surgical details.\n            <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n            A total of 106 patients were included, with a mean age of 48.5\u00a0years and a mean BMI of 24.61\u00a0kg\/m\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            . Males comprised 51.9% of the cohort, with hypertension present in 17.0%, diabetes in 7.5% and smoking in 8.5%. The median albumin level was 4.3 g\/dl, and the trunk was the most common injury site (39%). The average operation duration was 40.1\u00a0min, with a median wound healing time of 15\u00a0days. Remarkably, only one wound infection occurred within 30\u00a0days, resulting in an infection rate of 0.9%.\n            <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n            Early showering after plastic surgery does not compromise infection outcomes, supporting the safety of this practice for patients with level-1 or level-2 wounds.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.57264\/cer-2025-0089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T09:56:41Z","timestamp":1757671001000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Safety of early postoperative showering in level-1 and level-2 surgical wounds: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.57264","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Sheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-lan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"36897","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.07.006","article-title":"Surgical site infections","volume":"35","author":"Seidelman J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seidelman J, Anderson DJ. Surgical site infections. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 35(4), 901\u2013929 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(08)60017-1","article-title":"Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention","volume":"70","author":"Owens CD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Owens CD, Stoessel K. Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention. J. Hosp. Infect. 70(Suppl. 2), 3\u201310 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. 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Control."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105448","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Zhao D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao D, Liang GH, Pan JK Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 57(2), 118\u2013128 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","volume-title":"Wound Classification","author":"Herman TF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herman TF, Bordoni B. Wound Classification. StatPearls Publishing, FL, USA (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Prevention of postoperative wound infections","volume":"25","author":"Andersen BM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersen BM. Prevention of postoperative wound infections. Prev. Control Infect. Hosp. 25, 377\u2013437 (2018).","journal-title":"Prev. Control Infect. Hosp."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.222","article-title":"Wound irrigation for preventing surgical site infections","volume":"11","author":"Papadakis M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papadakis M. Wound irrigation for preventing surgical site infections. World J. Methodol. 11(4), 222\u2013227 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15135","article-title":"Wound care practices across two acute care settings: a comparative study","volume":"29","author":"Gillespie BM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillespie BM, Walker R, Lin F Wound care practices across two acute care settings: a comparative study. J. Clin. 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