{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:00:46Z","timestamp":1790938846735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Becaris Publishing Limited","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Comp. Eff. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Visible cervical scarring remains a common concern following conventional thyroidectomy and may adversely affect cosmetic satisfaction and quality of life. Although several postoperative wound interventions have been introduced to improve scar healing, their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain because of inconsistent findings across randomized controlled trials (RCTs).\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative wound interventions in improving scar outcomes following thyroidectomy and thyroid\/parathyroid surgery.\n                    <jats:bold>Materials &amp; methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    PRISMA 2020-guided systematic review and meta-analysis searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to January 2026 for RCTs of postoperative wound interventions in adults undergoing thyroidectomy or thyroid\/parathyroid surgery. Interventions included adhesive\/tissue glue techniques, wound-protector devices, and oxygen therapy dressings versus postoperative wound management. Scar outcomes used instruments including the Vancouver Scar Scale and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Random-effects meta-analysis reported standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fourteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, of which seven independent effect sizes were eligible for quantitative meta-analysis. Overall, postoperative wound interventions did not significantly improve scar outcomes compared with conventional wound management when pooled across all intervention types (SMD: -0.21; 95% CI: -0.45 to 0.04; p\u00a0=\u00a00.10), reflecting substantial heterogeneity between intervention categories (I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a074%). Considered separately, wound-protector devices demonstrated a significant improvement in scar outcomes (SMD: -0.84; 95% CI: -1.06 to -0.62; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), whereas tissue adhesives produced cosmetic results comparable to conventional subcuticular sutures, with no measurable scar-quality advantage (SMD: 0.14; 95% CI: -0.12 to 0.40; p\u00a0=\u00a00.29). Continuous diffusion oxygen therapy showed promising early clinical benefits but was evaluated in only one randomized trial and was therefore summarized narratively.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Current randomized evidence indicates that the benefit of postoperative wound interventions on scar outcomes is intervention-specific rather than a uniform class effect: wound-protector devices show a consistent, statistically significant benefit, whereas the pooled effect across all intervention types combined does not reach significance. Tissue adhesives provide satisfactory outcomes and efficient wound closure without a measurable scar-quality advantage over standard sutures, and evidence for oxygen therapy remains preliminary. Larger, well-designed trials using standardized scar assessment and longer follow-up are required to establish optimal postoperative scar management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.57264\/cer-2026-0101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:47:17Z","timestamp":1788529637000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative efficacy of various wound dressings on scar formation following thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.57264","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8837-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"36897","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2009.00153","article-title":"Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies","volume":"17","author":"Gauglitz GG","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol. Med. 17(1\u20132), 113\u2013125 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8218com","article-title":"Mechanical load initiates hypertrophic scar formation through decreased cellular apoptosis","volume":"21","author":"Aarabi S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aarabi S, Bhatt KA, Shi Y Mechanical load initiates hypertrophic scar formation through decreased cellular apoptosis. FASEB J. 21(12), 3250\u20133261 (2007).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"703","article-title":"Keloids: current concepts of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Bran GM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bran GM, Goessler UR, Hormann K, Riedel F, Sadick H. Keloids: current concepts of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J. Dtsch Dermatol. Ges. 7(8), 703\u2013713 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Dtsch Dermatol. Ges."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Thyroid disorders: a review","volume":"3","author":"Bhatt N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhatt N, Bhatt A, Bhatt S. Thyroid disorders: a review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 3(2), 130\u2013136 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","first-page":"E1020","article-title":"Subjective and objective scar assessment after thyroidectomy: a comparison of conventional and endoscopic approaches","volume":"38","author":"Lee EJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee EJ, Shin YS, Cho CH Subjective and objective scar assessment after thyroidectomy: a comparison of conventional and endoscopic approaches. Head Neck 38(Suppl. 1), E1020\u2013E1025 (2016).","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","first-page":"467","article-title":"Silicone sheeting decreases fibroblast activity and downregulates TGFbeta2 in hypertrophic scar model","volume":"2","author":"Kuhn MA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuhn MA, Moffit MR, Smith PD Silicone sheeting decreases fibroblast activity and downregulates TGFbeta2 in hypertrophic scar model. Int. J. Surg. Invest. 2(6), 467\u2013474 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Invest."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","first-page":"CD003826","article-title":"Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars","volume":"2013","author":"O'Brien L","year":"2013","unstructured":"O'Brien L, Jones DJ. Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013(9), CD003826 (2013).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.58527","article-title":"The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"2","author":"Puri N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puri N, Talwar A. The efficacy of silicone gel for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. J. Cutan. Aesthet. Surg. 2(2), 104\u2013106 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001288","article-title":"The anterior neck scar outcomes of conventional thyroidectomy using a wound protector: a multicenter double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Kim W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim W, Yu HW, Kim SJ, Chai YJ, Choi JY, Lee KE. The anterior neck scar outcomes of conventional thyroidectomy using a wound protector: a multicenter double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Surg. 110, 3425\u20133432 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","first-page":"866","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of tissue glue versus suture for wound closure in thyroid and parathyroid surgery","volume":"37","author":"O'Connell DA","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Connell DA, Diamond C, Seikaly H, Harris JR. Randomized controlled trial of tissue glue versus suture for wound closure in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 37(6), 866\u2013872 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","first-page":"1534","article-title":"Silicone gel application for thyroidectomy scar management: a prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Kim S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S, Park SH, Rhee SC Silicone gel application for thyroidectomy scar management: a prospective randomised controlled trial. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 72(9), 1534\u20131541 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2356","article-title":"Management of scars: updated practical guidelines and use of silicones","volume":"24","author":"Meaume S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meaume S, Le Pillouer-Prost A, Richert B, Roseeuw D, Vadoud J. Management of scars: updated practical guidelines and use of silicones. Eur. J. Dermatol. 24(4), 435\u2013443 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270953","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270953","article-title":"Quality of scar after total thyroidectomy: a single-blinded randomized trial comparing octyl-cyanoacrylate and subcuticular absorbable suture","volume":"2013","author":"Consorti F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Consorti F, Mancuso R, Piccolo A, Pretore E, Antonaci A. Quality of scar after total thyroidectomy: a single-blinded randomized trial comparing octyl-cyanoacrylate and subcuticular absorbable suture. ISRN Surg. 2013, 270953 (2013).","journal-title":"ISRN Surg."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372, n71 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne JAC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366, l4898 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7109","key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger M","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315(7109), 629\u2013634 (1997).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7650","key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt GH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336(7650), 924\u2013926 (2008).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Prospective randomized study of the wound cosmesis of thyroidectomy: tissue adhesive versus subcuticular suture","volume":"36","author":"Ridgway EB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ridgway EB, Connors KM, Murad GJ Prospective randomized study of the wound cosmesis of thyroidectomy: tissue adhesive versus subcuticular suture. J. Otolaryngol. 36(4), 226\u2013231 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000187147.73963.a5","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer's skin tension lines","volume":"116","author":"Atkinson JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Atkinson JA, McKenna KT, Barnett AG, McGrath DJ, Rudd M. A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer's skin tension lines. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 116(6), 1648\u20131656 (2005).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-007-9030-9","article-title":"Evolution of silicone therapy and mechanism of action in scar management","volume":"32","author":"Mustoe TA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mustoe TA. Evolution of silicone therapy and mechanism of action in scar management. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 32(1), 82\u201392 (2008).","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","first-page":"406","article-title":"Aesthetic comparison between synthetic glue and subcuticular sutures in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a single-blinded randomised clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Alicandri-Ciufelli M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Piccinini A, Grammatica A Aesthetic comparison between synthetic glue and subcuticular sutures in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: a single-blinded randomised clinical trial. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 34(6), 406\u2013411 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.07.028","article-title":"Continuous diffusion of oxygen adjunct therapy to improve scar reduction after cervicotomy: a proof of concept randomized controlled trial","volume":"268","author":"Zulbaran-Rojas A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zulbaran-Rojas A, Mishra R, Pham A, Suliburk J, Najafi B. Continuous diffusion of oxygen adjunct therapy to improve scar reduction after cervicotomy: a proof of concept randomized controlled trial. J. Surg. Res. 268, 585\u2013594 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2014.41.2.111","article-title":"Analysis of frequency of use of different scar assessment scales based on the scar management","volume":"41","author":"Bae SH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bae SH, Bae YC. Analysis of frequency of use of different scar assessment scales based on the scar management. Arch. Plast. Surg. 41(2), 111\u2013115 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.08.063","article-title":"Adhesive strip wound closure after thyroidectomy\/parathyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"153","author":"O'Leary DP","year":"2013","unstructured":"O'Leary DP, Clover AJ, Galbraith JG, Mushtaq M, Shafiq A, Redmond HP. Adhesive strip wound closure after thyroidectomy\/parathyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Surgery 153(3), 408\u2013412 (2013).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-0354.193130","article-title":"Comparative study of thyroidectomy wound closure using tissue glue versus subcuticular suture","volume":"13","author":"Rao V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rao V, D'Souza C, Kumar S, Kumar A. Comparative study of thyroidectomy wound closure using tissue glue versus subcuticular suture. Thyroid Res. Pract. 13, 115 (2016).","journal-title":"Thyroid Res. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.03.022","article-title":"Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars","volume":"55","author":"Zurada JM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zurada JM, Kriegel D, Davis IC. Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55(6), 1024\u20131031 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20174502","article-title":"Comparative study of steristrips and subcuticular suture for wound closure after thyroid surgery","volume":"4","author":"Vinay G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vinay G, Balasubrahmanya KS. Comparative study of steristrips and subcuticular suture for wound closure after thyroid surgery. Int. Surg. J. 4(10), 3392\u20133396 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Surg. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","first-page":"e43","article-title":"A review of scar scales and scar measuring devices","volume":"10","author":"Fearmonti R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fearmonti R, Bond J, Erdmann D, Levin LS. A review of scar scales and scar measuring devices. Eplasty 10, e43 (2010).","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000122207.28773.56","article-title":"The patient and observer scar assessment scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation","volume":"113","author":"Draaijers LJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Draaijers LJ, Tempelman FR, Botman YA The patient and observer scar assessment scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113(7), 1960\u20131965 (2004).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199005000-00014","article-title":"Rating the burn scar","volume":"11","author":"Sullivan T","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sullivan T, Smith J, Kermode J, McIver E, Courtemanche DJ. Rating the burn scar. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 11(3), 256\u2013260 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181710869","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of hypertrophic scar: intrarater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity","volume":"29","author":"Nedelec B","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nedelec B, Correa JA, Rachelska G, Armor L, LaSalle L. Quantitative measurement of hypertrophic scar: intrarater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. J. Burn Care Res. 29(3), 489\u2013500 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Silicone gel sheeting suppresses TGF-\u03b21 expression in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scars","volume":"97","author":"Sugimoto M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sugimoto M, Takahashi M, Inoue M Silicone gel sheeting suppresses TGF-\u03b21 expression in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scars. J. Dermatol. Sci. 97(3), 196\u2013203 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effect of low-level laser therapy on thyroidectomy wound healing: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Bae DS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bae DS, Kim JH, Lee JH Effect of low-level laser therapy on thyroidectomy wound healing: a randomised controlled trial. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 38(5), 281\u2013287 (2020).","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.1.2022.005","article-title":"Comparison of tissue adhesive glue with subcuticular absorbable suture for skin closure following thyroid surgery: a single-blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Musham A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musham A, Samuel EMK, Sahoo AK, Elamurugan TP, Manwar AS. Comparison of tissue adhesive glue with subcuticular absorbable suture for skin closure following thyroid surgery: a single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. 23(1), 42\u201347 (2023).","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10492.x","article-title":"Laser and intense pulsed light therapy for the treatment of hypertrophic scars: a systematic review","volume":"165","author":"Vrijman C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vrijman C, van Drooge AM, Limpens J Laser and intense pulsed light therapy for the treatment of hypertrophic scars: a systematic review. Br. J. Dermatol. 165(5), 934\u2013942 (2011).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","first-page":"417","article-title":"Tissue adhesive in wound closure after thyroid surgery: a review","volume":"23","author":"Huang CL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang CL, Ritch R, Podos SM, Bhattacherjee P. Tissue adhesive in wound closure after thyroid surgery: a review. Thyroid 23(4), 417\u2013422 (2013).","journal-title":"Thyroid"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/becarispublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.57264\/cer-2026-0101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:43:51Z","timestamp":1790937831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/becarispublishing.com\/doi\/10.57264\/cer-2026-0101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.57264\/cer-2026-0101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57264\/cer-2026-0101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6305","2042-6313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6305","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-6313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"article-number":"e260101"}}