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Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i> 2022; 21: 355\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00376-8"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Chen LH, Spagnolo-Allende A, Yang D, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and imaging of atherosclerotic intracranial disease. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2024; 55: 311\u2013323.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043630"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Qureshi AI, Caplan LR. Intracranial atherosclerosis. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2014; 383: 984\u2013998.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61088-0"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2021; 52: e364\u2013e467.","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000375"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP, et al. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2011; 365: 993\u20131003.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105335"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Zaidat OO, Fitzsimmons BF, Woodward BK, et al. 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Effect of stenting plus medical therapy vs medical therapy alone on risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: the CASSISS randomized clinical trial. <i>JAMA<\/i> 2022; 328: 534\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18921"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu L, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China: the Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis (CICAS) study. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2014; 45: 663\u2013669.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003508"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Qureshi AI, Feldmann E, Gomez CR, et al. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease: an update. <i>Ann Neurol<\/i> 2009; 66: 730\u2013738.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21768"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Hurford R, Wolters FJ, Li L, et al. Prevalence, predictors, and prognosis of symptomatic intracranial stenosis in patients with transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: a population-based cohort study. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i> 2020; 19: 413\u2013421.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30079-X"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i> 2021; 20: 795\u2013820.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Sacks D, Baxter B, Campbell BCV, et al. Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke. <i>Int J Stroke<\/i> 2018; 13: 612\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018778713"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Wong LK. Global burden of intracranial atherosclerosis. <i>Int J Stroke<\/i> 2006; 1: 158\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2006.00045.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Shen Y, Wang J, Wu J, et al. Elevated plasma total cholesterol level is associated with the risk of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. <i>PLoS One<\/i> 2014; 9: e101232.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101232"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Sun Q, Wang Q, Wang X, et al. Prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors of asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: the Kongcun Town Study in Shandong, China. <i>Eur J Neurol<\/i> 2020; 27: 729\u2013735.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14144"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18) Guan S, Tong X, Li X, et al. Drug-coated balloon for endovascular treatment of symptomatic intracranial stenotic disease: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. <i>Radiology<\/i> 2026; 318: e250893."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Itabashi R. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and medical management of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. <i>J Neuroendovasc Ther<\/i> 2026; 20: ra.2026-0017.","DOI":"10.5797\/jnet.ra.2026-0017"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Miyamoto S, Ogasawara K, Kuroda S, et al. Japan Stroke Society Guideline 2021 for the Treatment of Stroke. <i>Int J Stroke<\/i> 2022; 17: 1039\u20131049.","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221090347"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Psychogios M, Brehm A, L\u00f3pez-Cancio E, et al. 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Cilostazol prevents the progression of the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: the multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2005; 36: 782\u2013786.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000157667.06542.b7"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Uchiyama S, Sakai N, Toi S, et al. Final results of cilostazol-aspirin therapy against recurrent stroke with intracranial artery stenosis (CATHARSIS). <i>Cerebrovasc Dis Extra<\/i> 2015; 5: 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1159\/000369610"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Turan TN, Zaidat OO, Gronseth GS, et al. Stroke prevention in symptomatic large artery intracranial atherosclerosis practice advisory: report of the AAN Guideline Subcommittee. <i>Neurology<\/i> 2022; 98: 486\u2013498.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200030"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Zhou P, Lu Z, Gao P, et al. Efficacy and safety of intensive statin therapy in Chinese patients with atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis: a single-center, randomized, single-blind, parallel-group study with one-year follow-up. <i>Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 2014; 120: 6\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.02.001"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Song JW, Pavlou A, Xiao J, et al. 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