{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:48:18Z","timestamp":1777988898642,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MathDoc\/Centre Mersenne","issue":"G1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exact details of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing Covid-19, remain unknown. Scientific publications using data available to date point to a natural origin linked to the wildlife trade at a market in Wuhan, China. Yet, theories postulating a research-related origin of SARS-CoV-2 abound, and currently dominate the public discussion of the origin of the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, we attempt to characterize the diversity of research-related origin scenarios, discuss their characteristics and evidence base, or the lack thereof, and highlight mutual incompatibilities between some scenarios. We then focus on a feature of SARS-CoV-2 that is central in today\u2019s leading research-related hypotheses, namely the insertion that led to the introduction of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike glycoprotein. We examine various scenarios put forward to explain this insertion in a research-related context, and we show how SARS-CoV-2\u2019s evolution in humans has provided examples demonstrating that such insertions happen naturally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5802\/crbiol.183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1757335631000},"page":"189-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Theories of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 in the light of its continuing evolution"],"prefix":"10.5802","volume":"348","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2497-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"D\u00e9barre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, CNRS UMR 7618, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, UPEC, IRD, INRAE, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4348-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zach","family":"Hensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITQB NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Oeiras, Lisbon 2780-157, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3842","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"67","key":"key2025121113373745529_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03773","article-title":"Nextclade: Clade assignment, mutation calling and quality control for viral genomes","volume":"6","author":"Aksamentov, I.","year":"2021","unstructured":"[Aksamentov et al., 2021] Aksamentov, I.; Roemer, C.; Hodcroft, E.; Neher, R. Nextclade: Clade assignment, mutation calling and quality control for viral genomes, J. Open Source Softw., Volume 6 (2021) no. 67, 3773","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.05.026","article-title":"Coronavirus reverse genetic systems: infectious clones and replicons","volume":"189","author":"Almaz\u00e1n, F.","year":"2014","unstructured":"[Almaz\u00e1n et al., 2014] Almaz\u00e1n, F.; Sola, I.; Zu\u00f1iga, S.; Marquez-Jurado, S.; Morales, L.; Becares, M.; Enjuanes, L. Coronavirus reverse genetic systems: infectious clones and replicons, Virus Res., Volume 189 (2014), pp. 262-270","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_3","article-title":"Overview of attention for article published in bioRxiv, January 2020","author":"Altmetric","year":"2025","unstructured":"[Altmetric, 2025] Altmetric Overview of attention for article published in bioRxiv, January 2020, 2025 https:\/\/medrxiv.altmetric.com\/details\/74957328 ([report; not peer-reviewed])"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58603","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 strategically mimics proteolytic activation of human ENaC","volume":"9","author":"Anand, P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Anand et al., 2020] Anand, P.; Puranik, A.; Aravamudan, M.; Venkatakrishnan, A.; Soundararajan, V. SARS-CoV-2 strategically mimics proteolytic activation of human ENaC, eLife, Volume 9 (2020), e58603","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025121113373745529_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen, K. G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Andersen et al., 2020] Andersen, K. G.; Rambaut, A.; Lipkin, W. I.; Holmes, E. C.; Garry, R. F. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2, Nat. Med., Volume 26 (2020) no. 4, pp. 450-452","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"US9587003B2","key":"key2025121113373745529_6","article-title":"Modified polynucleotides for the production of oncology-related proteins and peptides","author":"Bancel, S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"[Bancel et al., 2017] Bancel, S.; Chakraborty, T.; De\u00a0Fougerolles, A. et al. Modified polynucleotides for the production of oncology-related proteins and peptides (2017) no. US9587003B2 https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US9587003B2\/en (US patent)"},{"issue":"14","key":"key2025121113373745529_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809524106","article-title":"Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites","volume":"106","author":"Belouzard, S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"[Belouzard et al., 2009] Belouzard, S.; Chu, V. C.; Whittaker, G. R. Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Volume 106 (2009) no. 14, pp. 5871-5876","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025121113373745529_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2023.104167","article-title":"Gain-of-function and origin of Covid19","volume":"52","author":"Berche, P.","year":"2023","unstructured":"[Berche, 2023] Berche, P. Gain-of-function and origin of Covid19, La Presse M\u00e9d., Volume 52 (2023) no. 1, 104167","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9d."},{"issue":"6543","key":"key2025121113373745529_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj0016","article-title":"Investigate the origins of COVID-19","volume":"372","author":"Bloom, J. D.","year":"2021","unstructured":"[Bloom et al., 2021] Bloom, J. D.; Chan, Y. A.; Baric, R. S. et al. Investigate the origins of COVID-19, Science, Volume 372 (2021) no. 6543, p. 694-694","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"24","key":"key2025121113373745529_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv494","article-title":"msa: an R package for multiple sequence alignment","volume":"31","author":"Bodenhofer, U.","year":"2015","unstructured":"[Bodenhofer et al., 2015] Bodenhofer, U.; Bonatesta, E.; Horejs-Kainrath, C.; Hochreiter, S. msa: an R package for multiple sequence alignment, Bioinformatics, Volume 31 (2015) no. 24, pp. 3997-3999","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2025121113373745529_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0771-4","article-title":"Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Boni, M. F.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Boni et al., 2020] Boni, M. F.; Lemey, P.; Jiang, X.; Lam, T. T.-Y.; Perry, B. W.; Castoe, T. A.; Rambaut, A.; Robertson, D. L. Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, Nat. Microbiol., Volume 5 (2020) no. 11, pp. 1408-1417","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"key2025121113373745529_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004502","article-title":"Coronavirus Cell entry occurs through the endo-\/lysosomal pathway in a proteolysis-dependent manner","volume":"10","author":"Burkard, C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"[Burkard et al., 2014] Burkard, C.; Verheije, M. H.; Wicht, O. et al. Coronavirus Cell entry occurs through the endo-\/lysosomal pathway in a proteolysis-dependent manner, PLoS Pathog., Volume 10 (2014) no. 11, e1004502","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025121113373745529_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30314-5","article-title":"Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series","volume":"20","author":"B\u00f6hmer, M. M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[B\u00f6hmer et al., 2020] B\u00f6hmer, M. M.; Buchholz, U.; Corman, V. M. et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series, Lancet Infect. Dis., Volume 20 (2020) no. 8, pp. 920-928","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19, Harper, New York, 2021","journal-title":"Viral: The Search for the Origin of COVID-19"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_17","article-title":"Why the pandemic probably started in a lab, in 5 key points","author":"Chan, A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"[Chan, 2024] Chan, A. Why the pandemic probably started in a lab, in 5 key points, New York Times (2024) https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/... ([newspaper Op-Ed, not peer-reviewed])","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025121113373745529_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab856","article-title":"CoV-spectrum: analysis of globally shared SARS-CoV-2 data to identify and characterize new variants","volume":"38","author":"Chen, C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[Chen et al., 2022] Chen, C.; Nadeau, S.; Yared, M.; Voinov, P.; Xie, N.; Roemer, C.; Stadler, T. CoV-spectrum: analysis of globally shared SARS-CoV-2 data to identify and characterize new variants, Bioinformatics, Volume 38 (2022) no. 6, pp. 1735-1737","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025121113373745529_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100972","article-title":"The S2 subunit of QX-type infectious bronchitis coronavirus spike protein is an essential determinant of neurotropism","volume":"11","author":"Cheng, J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"[Cheng et al., 2019] Cheng, J.; Zhao, Y.; Xu, G. et al. The S2 subunit of QX-type infectious bronchitis coronavirus spike protein is an essential determinant of neurotropism, Viruses, Volume 11 (2019) no. 10, 972","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_20","article-title":"Wild Youth|Invisible Line of Defense","author":"China Science Communication","year":"2019","unstructured":"[China Science Communication, 2019] China Science Communication Wild Youth|Invisible Line of Defense, 2019 https:\/\/youtu.be\/ovnUyTRMERI"},{"issue":"6541","key":"key2025121113373745529_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4711","article-title":"How SARS-CoV-2 first adapted in humans","volume":"372","author":"Choe, H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"[Choe and Farzan, 2021] Choe, H.; Farzan, M. How SARS-CoV-2 first adapted in humans, Science, Volume 372 (2021) no. 6541, pp. 466-467","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6503","key":"key2025121113373745529_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.369.6503.487","article-title":"Wuhan coronavirus hunter Shi Zhengli speaks out","volume":"369","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Cohen, 2020] Cohen, J. Wuhan coronavirus hunter Shi Zhengli speaks out, Science, Volume 369 (2020) no. 6503, pp. 487-488 ([interview; not peer-reviewed])","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6652","key":"key2025121113373745529_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj2821","article-title":"\u2018Ridiculous\u2019, says chinese scientist accused of being pandemic\u2019s patient zero","volume":"380","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"[Cohen, 2023] Cohen, J. \u2018Ridiculous\u2019, says chinese scientist accused of being pandemic\u2019s patient zero, Science, Volume 380 (2023) no. 6652, p. 1308 ([news article; not peer-reviewed])","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001","article-title":"Hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses","author":"Corman, V. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"[Corman et al., 2018] Corman, V. M.; Muth, D.; Niemeyer, D.; Drosten, C. Hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses, Advances in Virus Research, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 163-188","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104742","article-title":"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade","volume":"176","author":"Coutard, B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Coutard et al., 2020] Coutard, B.; Valle, C.; De Lamballerie, X.; Canard, B.; Seidah, N. G.; Decroly, E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade, Antiviral Res., Volume 176 (2020), 104742","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14962651","article-title":"Ancestral reconstruction of a purported \u2018endonuclease finger print\u2019 in SARS-CoV-2","author":"Crits-Christoph, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[Crits-Christoph and Pekar, 2022] Crits-Christoph, A.; Pekar, J.\u00a0E. Ancestral reconstruction of a purported \u2018endonuclease finger print\u2019 in SARS-CoV-2, 2022 (Accessed 2025-03-04 [report; not peer-reviewed])"},{"issue":"19","key":"key2025121113373745529_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.08.010","article-title":"Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"187","author":"Crits-Christoph, A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"[Crits-Christoph et al., 2024] Crits-Christoph, A.; Levy, J. I.; Pekar, J. E. et al. Genetic tracing of market wildlife and viruses at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, Cell, Volume 187 (2024) no. 19, p. 5468-5482.e11","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025121113373745529_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui, J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"[Cui et al., 2019] Cui, J.; Li, F.; Shi, Z.-L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., Volume 17 (2019) no. 3, pp. 181-192","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7830","key":"key2025121113373745529_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2708-8","article-title":"A mouse-adapted model of SARS-CoV-2 to test COVID-19 countermeasures","volume":"586","author":"Dinnon, K. H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Dinnon et al., 2020] Dinnon, K. H.; Leist, S. R.; Sch\u00e4fer, A. et al. A mouse-adapted model of SARS-CoV-2 to test COVID-19 countermeasures, Nature, Volume 586 (2020) no. 7830, pp. 560-566","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.914888","article-title":"Commentary: MSH3 homology and potential recombination link to SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site","volume":"2","author":"Dubuy, Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[Dubuy and Lachuer, 2022] Dubuy, Y.; Lachuer, H. Commentary: MSH3 homology and potential recombination link to SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site, Front. Virol., Volume 2 (2022), 914888","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025121113373745529_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzh013","article-title":"Prediction of proprotein convertase cleavage sites","volume":"17","author":"Duckert, P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"[Duckert et al., 2004] Duckert, P.; Brunak, S.; Blom, N. Prediction of proprotein convertase cleavage sites, Protein Eng. Des. Sel., Volume 17 (2004) no. 1, pp. 107-112","journal-title":"Protein Eng. Des. Sel."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025121113373745529_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf109","article-title":"A critical reexamination of recovered SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data","volume":"42","author":"D\u00e9barre, F.","year":"2025","unstructured":"[D\u00e9barre and Hensel, 2025] D\u00e9barre, F.; Hensel, Z. A critical reexamination of recovered SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data, Mol. Biol. Evol., Volume 42 (2025) no. 6, msaf109","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_33","author":"D\u00e9barre, F.","year":"2024","unstructured":"[D\u00e9barre and Worobey, 2024a] D\u00e9barre, F.; Worobey, M. Confirmation of the centrality of the huanan market among early COVID-19 cases (2024)","journal-title":"Confirmation of the centrality of the huanan market among early COVID-19 cases"},{"key":"key2025121113373745529_34","author":"D\u00e9barre, F.","year":"2024","unstructured":"[D\u00e9barre and Worobey, 2024b] D\u00e9barre, F.; Worobey, M. No evidence of systematic proximity ascertainment bias in early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Reply to Weissman 2024 (2024)","journal-title":"No evidence of systematic proximity ascertainment bias in early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Reply to Weissman 2024"},{"issue":"5393","key":"key2025121113373745529_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5393.1432","article-title":"Experimental evolution of parasites","volume":"282","author":"Ebert, D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"[Ebert, 1998] Ebert, D. Experimental evolution of parasites, Science, Volume 282 (1998) no. 5393, pp. 1432-1436","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025121113373745529_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7822","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control","volume":"21","author":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)","year":"2023","unstructured":"[EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) et al., 2023] EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Nielsen, S. S.; Alvarez, J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control, EFSA J., Volume 21 (2023) no. 2, e07822","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025121113373745529_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.02.003","article-title":"Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell\u2013cell fusion but does not affect virion entry","volume":"350","author":"Follis, K. E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"[Follis et al., 2006] Follis, K. E.; York, J.; Nunberg, J. H. Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell\u2013cell fusion but does not affect virion entry, Virology, Volume 350 (2006) no. 2, pp. 358-369","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2025121113373745529_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203733","article-title":"Susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"26","author":"Freuling, C. M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Freuling et al., 2020] Freuling, C. M.; Breithaupt, A.; M\u00fcller, T. et al. Susceptibility of raccoon dogs for experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection, Emerg. Infect. Dis., Volume 26 (2020) no. 12, pp. 2982-2985","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"40","key":"key2025121113373745529_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211107119","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site was not engineered","volume":"119","author":"Garry, R. F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"[Garry, 2022] Garry, R. F. SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site was not engineered, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Volume 119 (2022) no. 40, e2211107119","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025121113373745529_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02858-9","article-title":"Template switching and duplications in SARS-CoV-2 genomes give rise to insertion variants that merit monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Garushyants, S. K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"[Garushyants et al., 2021] Garushyants, S. K.; Rogozin, I. B.; Koonin, E. V. Template switching and duplications in SARS-CoV-2 genomes give rise to insertion variants that merit monitoring, Commun. Biol., Volume 4 (2021) no. 1, 1343","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"7477","key":"key2025121113373745529_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor","volume":"503","author":"Ge, X.-Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"[Ge et al., 2013] Ge, X.-Y.; Li, J.-L.; Yang, X.-L. et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor, Nature, Volume 503 (2013) no. 7477, pp. 535-538","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6511","key":"key2025121113373745529_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4730","article-title":"Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB\/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy","volume":"369","author":"Gu, H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"[Gu et al., 2020] Gu, H.; Chen, Q.; Yang, G. et al. Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB\/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy, Science, Volume 369 (2020) no. 6511, pp. 1603-1607","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5643","key":"key2025121113373745529_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS Coronavirus from animals in Southern China","volume":"302","author":"Guan, Y.","year":"2003","unstructured":"[Guan et al., 2003] Guan, Y.; Zheng, B. J.; He, Y. Q. et al. 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