{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:17:23Z","timestamp":1762607843987},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"California Digital Library (CDL)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Chlorine gas is a known irritant of the respiratory tract, which may cause damage to various systems depending on time of exposure and concentration of the gas. Current treatments are mainly supportive. While no definitive studies have been completed to date, it has been noted that treatment with a sodium bicarbonate solution via nebulizer may lead to improved outcomes for patients dealing with chlorine gas exposure. \n\nCase Report: We present a case of a nine-year-old child arriving at the emergency department after exposure to chlorine gas. Complete recovery from his symptoms occurred rapidly with the administration of nebulized sodium bicarbonate. \n\nDiscussion: Inhaled chlorine gas acts as a mucous membrane irritant, with symptoms usually beginning within minutes of exposure. Inhaled nebulized sodium bicarbonate has been suggested as a therapy for chlorine exposure. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, it is thought that inhaled sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the hydrochloric acid formed when the chlorine gas reacts with the water in the lungs. \n\nConclusion: Nebulized sodium bicarbonate solution at a low concentration appeared to rapidly and effectively reverse the symptoms due to chlorine gas inhalation in a young child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2020.3.46746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T18:22:10Z","timestamp":1588702930000},"page":"205-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Accidental Chlorine Gas Exposure in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.5811","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Antolick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health - Michigan State University Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Ouellette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health - Michigan State University Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Judge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health - Michigan State University Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health - Michigan State University Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JS","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Health - Michigan State University Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Grand Rapids, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"29705","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sever M, Mordeniz C, Sever F, et al. Accidental chlorine gas intoxication: evaluation of 39 patients. J Clin Med Res. 2009;1(5):274-9.","DOI":"10.4021\/jocmr2009.12.1283"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vajner JE and Lung D. Case files of the University of California San Francisco medical toxicology fellowship: acute chlorine gas inhalation and the utility of nebulized sodium bicarbonate. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(3):259-65.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0309-8"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aslan S, Kandi\u015f H, Akgun M, et al. The effect of nebulized NaHCO3 treatment on \u201cRADS\u201d due to chlorine gas inhalation. Inhalation Toxicol. 2006;18(11):895-900.","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600822615"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Douidar SM. Nebulized sodium bicarbonate in acute chlorine inhalation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13(6);406-7.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199712000-00014"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinsel PJ. Treatment of acute chlorine gas inhalation with nebulized sodium bicarbonate. J Emerg Med. 1990;8(3):327-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(90)90014-m"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Hlavsa MC, Robinson TJ, Collier SA, et al. Pool chemical-associated health events in public and residential settings\u2014United States, 2003\u20132012, and Minnesota, 2013. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(19):427-30."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Nelson LS and Odujebe OA.\u00a02019. Simple asphyxiants and pulmonary irritants.\u00a0In:\u00a0 Hoffman RS, Howland M, Lewin NA, et al.\u00a0Goldfrank\u2019s Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th edition (pp. 1651-62).New York, NY: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuong AH, Despreaux T, Loeb T, et al. Emergency management of chlorine gas exposure \u2013 a systematic review. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(2):77-98.","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1519193"}],"container-title":["Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T16:39:48Z","timestamp":1595263188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/15m7551h"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":8,"issue-title":["Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/cpcem.2020.3.46746","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-252X","2474-252X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2474-252X"},{"type":"print","value":"2474-252X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}}}