{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:49:25Z","timestamp":1789332565234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["WestJEM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2016.12.32066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]],"date-time":"2017-04-24T20:22:58Z","timestamp":1493065378000},"page":"419-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Prehospital Care for the Adult and Pediatric Seizure Patient: Current Evidence-based Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.5811","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl A.","family":"Sporer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M.","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi L.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Gausche-Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Rudnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo A.","family":"Salvucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg H.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3840","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"key20170424162256_b1-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807303064","article-title":"Overview: definitions and classifications of seizure emergencies","volume":"22","author":"Pellock","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b2-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.08.003","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of seizures and status epilepticus in the prehospital setting","volume":"29","author":"Michael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20170424162256_b3-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x","article-title":"Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study","volume":"8","author":"Huff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b4-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120802706229","article-title":"Management of prehospital seizure patients by paramedics","volume":"13","author":"Martin-Gill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20170424162256_b5-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00042-3","article-title":"Status epilepticus in adults","volume":"14","author":"Betjemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b6-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9935-x","article-title":"The epidemiology of status epilepticus in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Dham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20170424162256_b7-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199512040-00003","article-title":"Epidemiology of status epilepticus","volume":"12","author":"DeLorenzo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20170424162256_b8-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0188","article-title":"Trends in status epilepticus-Related Hospitalizations and Mortality: Redefined in US Practice Over Time","volume":"72","author":"Betjemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20170424162256_b9-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa002141","article-title":"A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus","volume":"345","author":"Alldredge","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b10-wjem-18-419","unstructured":"Emergency Medical Services at the CrossroadsInstitute of Medicine2007Available at: http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/11629\/emergency-medical-services-at-the-crossroadsAccessed Aug 26, 2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b11-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.11.002","article-title":"Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients with suspected acute nontraumatic thoracic aortic dissection","volume":"65","author":"Diercks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b12-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.864358","article-title":"When should you test for and treat hypoglycemia in prehospital seizure patients?","volume":"18","author":"Beskind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b13-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01298.x","article-title":"Short-term outcome of seizure patients who refuse transport after out-of-hospital evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Mechem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b14-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X16000248","article-title":"Paramedic checklists do not accurately identify post-ictal or hypoglycaemic patients suitable for djgischarge at the scene","volume":"31","author":"Tohira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b15-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70315-4","article-title":"Outcome study of prehospital patients signed out against medical advice by field paramedics","volume":"31","author":"Moss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b16-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.08.002","article-title":"Emergency department seizure epidemiology","volume":"29","author":"Martindale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"key20170424162256_b17-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9758-1","article-title":"Emergency neurological life support: status epilepticus","volume":"17","author":"Claassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20170424162256_b18-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2625","article-title":"Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"311","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20170424162256_b19-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107494","article-title":"Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus","volume":"366","author":"Silbergleit","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b20-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.959220","article-title":"Parenteral midazolam is superior to diazepam for treatment of prehospital seizures","volume":"19","author":"Clemency","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20170424162256_b21-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809173391202","article-title":"A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group","volume":"339","author":"Treiman","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b22-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00296-3","article-title":"Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"15","author":"Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b23-wjem-18-419","first-page":"200","article-title":"Out-of-hospital medication storage temperatures: a review of the literature and directions for the future","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20170424162256_b24-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90079-7","article-title":"Prehospital stability of diazepam and lorazepam","volume":"17","author":"Gottwald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b25-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.722177","article-title":"The 60-day temperature-dependent degradation of midazolam and Lorazepam in the prehospital environment","volume":"17","author":"McMullan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b26-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.869642","article-title":"Degradation of benzodiazepines after 120 days of EMS deployment","volume":"18","author":"McMullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b27-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70034-6","article-title":"Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus","volume":"23","author":"Dieckmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b28-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(98)00170-X","article-title":"Use of intramuscular midazolam for status epilepticus","volume":"17","author":"Towne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b29-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938571","article-title":"Midazolam for the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric seizures","volume":"6","author":"Vilke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b30-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12905","article-title":"Intramuscular midazolam versus intravenous lorazepam for the prehospital treatment of status epilepticus in the pediatric population","volume":"56","author":"Welch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b31-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3180328c92","article-title":"Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures","volume":"23","author":"Holsti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20170424162256_b32-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.130","article-title":"Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in pediatric patients with epilepsy","volume":"164","author":"Holsti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b33-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380201700206","article-title":"Effects of intranasal midazolam and rectal diazepam on acute convulsions in children: prospective randomized study","volume":"17","author":"Fisgin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b34-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02333.x","article-title":"A comparison of midazolam nasal spray and diazepam rectal solution for the residential treatment of seizure exacerbations","volume":"51","author":"de Haan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b35-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01474.x","article-title":"Buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam for treatment of residential adult patients with serial seizures or status epilepticus","volume":"124","author":"Nakken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"9153","key":"key20170424162256_b36-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06425-3","article-title":"Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9481","key":"key20170424162256_b37-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66909-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"McIntyre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b38-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2008.11.006","article-title":"Efficacy of buccal midazolam compared to intravenous diazepam in controlling convulsions in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Talukdar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20170424162256_b39-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000086234.54586.49","article-title":"The short-term outcome of seizure management by prehospital personnel: a comparison of two protocols","volume":"19","author":"Galustyan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20170424162256_b40-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120600885126","article-title":"Midazolam and diazepam for pediatric seizures in the prehospital setting","volume":"10","author":"Warden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b41-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating acute seizures in children","volume":"5","author":"Mahmoudian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b42-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6659-3","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of intranasal-midazolam versus intravenous-diazepam for acute childhood seizures","volume":"260","author":"Thakker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b43-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0106-5","article-title":"Endotracheal intubation in patients treated for prehospital status epilepticus","volume":"23","author":"Vohra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20170424162256_b44-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12526","article-title":"Emergency management of febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study","volume":"55","author":"Seinfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b45-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.04.027","article-title":"Intranasal therapies for acute seizures","volume":"49","author":"Kalviainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"7253","key":"key20170424162256_b46-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7253.83","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study","volume":"321","author":"Lahat","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"23","key":"key20170424162256_b47-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001673","article-title":"Time from convulsive status epilepticus onset to anticonvulsant administration in children","volume":"84","author":"Sanchez Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b48-wjem-18-419","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20170424162256_b49-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.20","article-title":"Secular trends in the rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension, United States, 1987\u20132004","volume":"21","author":"Wallis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20170424162256_b50-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1128030","article-title":"Antenatal emergency care provided by paramedics: a one-year clinical profile","volume":"20","author":"McLelland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b51-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S0965539511000040","article-title":"Seizures in women with preeclampsia: mechanisms and management","volume":"22","author":"Cipolla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fetal Matern Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20170424162256_b52-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91749-Z","article-title":"Peripheral magnesium sulfate enters the brain and increases the threshold for hippocampal seizures in rats","volume":"167","author":"Hallak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b53-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/107155769400100106","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate treatment decreases N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binding in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study","volume":"1","author":"Hallak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b54-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1978.tb05015.x","article-title":"Effect of magnesium on epileptic foci","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"1978","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b55-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.039966","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate treatment decreases blood-brain barrier permeability during acute hypertension in pregnant rats","volume":"93","author":"Euser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20170424162256_b56-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01735.x","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam in the management of eclampsia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Crowther","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b57-wjem-18-419","unstructured":"Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsiaCochrane Database2010Available at: http:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/CD000128\/PREG_magnesium-sulphate-versus-phenytoin-for-eclampsiaAccessed Aug 26, 2016"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20170424162256_b58-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09587.x","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate in the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: an overview of the evidence from randomised trials","volume":"103","author":"Chien","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20170424162256_b59-wjem-18-419","first-page":"159","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002","volume":"99","author":"ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"key20170424162256_b60-wjem-18-419","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.964891","article-title":"Characteristics of statewide protocols for emergency medical services in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Kupas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"}],"container-title":["Western Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T19:45:12Z","timestamp":1569095112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/3qn9w8fs"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5811\/westjem.2016.12.32066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/westjem.2016.12.32066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-900X","1936-9018"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-900X","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-9018","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]}}}