{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1777687475054,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Brieflands","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brieflands.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anesth Pain Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is the treatment of choice for renal stones as a safe, effective, and minimally invasive method. However, bleeding remains a major concern in the procedure. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of bleeding in PNL. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Urology department of Razi hospital. The data of patients with urinary calculi staghorn type who underwent PNL in a prone position under general anesthesia were recorded. A checklist including patients' demographics, surgical characteristics, and outcomes was filled out for each patient. Results: The data from 151 complete files were gathered. The mean age of the cases was 47.89 \u00b1 12.41 years. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) drop was 1.92 \u00b1 1.56 mg\/dL. At least 1 mg\/dL Hb drop was observed in all cases. The highest Hb drop was 3 mg\/dL.). There was no significant relationship between stone bulk, age, BMI, GFR, surgery duration, and the number of tracts, and Hb drop during PNL (P &gt; 0.05). But there was a positive correlation between Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) history (P = 0.01) and transfusion (P = 0.0001) and Hb drop during PNL. Also, the history of open kidney surgery (P = 0.031), nephrostomy insertion (P = 0.003), and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy therapy (ESWL) (P = 0.041) were correlated with the increased risk of Hb drop. Conclusions: Urinary tract infection, history of open surgery, nephrostomy implantation, and ESWL were significantly associated with more bleeding in PNL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm-126974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1661675036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/crossmark_update_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk Factors for Intra-operative Bleeding in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in an Academic Center: A Retrospective 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