{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:19:50Z","timestamp":1788589190444,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Brieflands","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["brieflands.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Iran J Pharm Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, remains a significant health concern due to its widespread prevalence and severe impact on immunocompromised individuals. Current treatments are limited, necessitating the exploration of new therapeutic agents. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2-nitroimidazole as a potential treatment for toxoplasmosis in BALB\/c mice, comparing its effects with the standard treatment, sulfadiazine. Methods: In vitro assays were conducted to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2-nitroimidazole and sulfadiazine against T. gondii tachyzoites. The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of 2-nitroimidazole on macrophages. In vivo experiments involved treating BALB\/c mice infected with T. gondii with either 2-nitroimidazole or sulfadiazine, monitoring survival rates and therapeutic outcomes. Results: In vitro results revealed IC50 values of 5.43 \u03bcM for 2-nitroimidazole and 2.99 \u03bcM for sulfadiazine, indicating potent anti-tachyzoite activity. The MTT assay showed that 2-nitroimidazole had low cytotoxicity, with significant cell viability even at higher concentrations. Based on the MTT assay findings, 40 \u03bcM of 2-nitroimidazole showed the highest level of toxicity towards macrophages. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed that this compound induced apoptosis in approximately 58.9% of tachyzoites. In vivo, all mice in the control group died by the eighth day. Treatment with sulfadiazine resulted in two mice surviving until the 14th day, while 2-nitroimidazole treatment saw one mouse surviving to the same day. These findings suggest that 2-nitroimidazole has comparable efficacy to sulfadiazine with potentially fewer side effects. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that 2-nitroimidazole is a promising candidate for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, exhibiting strong anti-parasitic activity and low cytotoxicity. Further research is warranted to optimize dosing regimens and explore combination therapies to enhance its therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-157086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T07:34:29Z","timestamp":1742628869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/crossmark_update_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating The Therapeutic Effect of 2-Nitroimidazole on &lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;\/i&gt;: An In vitro and In vivo Study Using BALB\/c 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